• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2008년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.34-39
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• 2008

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.295-303
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• 2009

The annals of Joseon dynasty, especially the volumes of King SeJong(1418-1450 A.D.), were heavily deteriorated by fungi. Investigations on the deteriorating and foxing fungi were carried out. Fungal structures on the beeswax, which were coated on the both side of Han-Ji, were suspected to be involved in the deterioration, and were observed by SEM. Isolation and culturing of these fungi were tried by scrubing swab samples and placing on the artificial media. Culture-independent approaches were used to identify the fungal strains associated with damages of beeswax and foxing of the paper by the analyses based on DNA sequences data from the specific ITS region of rDNA regions. In addition, well-known paper staining fungi(PSF), i.e., Aspergillus terreus var. terreus, Fusarium oxysporum, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Alternaria solani, were compared in the mycelial growth and stain on beeswax and papers under different environmental conditions (temperature, light, moisture, etc). Fungal strains isolated from the air samples in the storage room and shelves were identified as Irpex sp., Arthrinium sacchari, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Aspergillus sclerotiorum, Sistotrema brinkmannii, and Hypoxylon bovei var. microsporum The isolated strains were compared in growth and stain patterns on beeswax and papers(Han-Ji, Hwa-Ji, and Yang-Ji) whether these can cause damage or foxing on the annals or not.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권33호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2012

제책 시료의 경우 낱장과 달리 제책 위치에 따라 공기, 습도, 빛 등의 접하는 정도가 다르기 때문에 열화특성 또한 제책 위치에 따라 다르다. 특히 밀랍지는 일반적인 한지와는 달리 통기성이 없으며 발수성이 있는 성질을 가지고 있기 때문에 밀랍지로 제작된 제책본의 경우 주위 보존환경과 접하는 부분과, 외부와 접하지 않는 내부에서의 열화 인자 및 기작(mechanism, 機作)의 상이성(相異性)은 일반 서적들에 비해 높다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 밀랍본의 내 외부의 열화 특성의 상이성(相異性)을 분석하기 위해 공기 및 수분의 조건에 따라 밀랍지를 인공열화 시킨 후 각 조건별 열화 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 인공열화 후 밀랍지의 물리적, 광학적 특성 분석 결과, 산소가 밀랍지의 열화를 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 습도 50 % RH 조건이 0 %RH의 조건보다 밀랍지의 열화에 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 열화된 시편으로부터 추출된 밀랍의 GC/MS 분석을 실시하여 각 조건에 따른 밀랍의 분해산물을 비교분석한 결과, 열화가 진행됨에 따라 팔미트 산 등의 지방산을 포함하는 C9-C20의 탄소수를 가지는 저분자화합물이 증가되고, 탄화수소화물 및 지방족 알코올 등을 포함하는 C21-C36의 탄소수를 가지는 화합물과 왁스 에스테르 등을 포함하는 C34 이상의 고분자화합물은 감소되어 밀랍성분이 분해되었음을 알 수 있었다. 각 조건에 따른 밀랍의 분해는 물리적, 광학적 특성 변화율과 마찬가지로 산소에 의해 촉진되는 것으로 나타났으며, 습도 50% RH에서보다 0% RH에서 높게 발생되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.64-69
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• 2009

Cultural heritages represent the histories and intellectual level of a country. The Annals of Joseon Dynasty are regarded as the most valuable resources containing the record of Korean history. In some periods, wax-treated paper was used as the material of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty. Many previous studies have focused on the development of paper used as the material of the Annals of Joseon Dynasty, but the manufacture method of wax-treated volumes and the degradation mechanism of wax have been not fully understood yet. The purposes of the present study are to produce various kinds of wax-treated paper using by different coating methods and to analyse the morphological properties of wax-treated paper. The analysis of SEM demonstrates that beeswax treated paper made by brushing method produces flatter surface and more excellent penetration. Wax layer is produced on the cross section of beeswax treated paper as the increase of coating amount.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2010

Paper composed mainly of organic materials and they can be used as nutrient by microorganisms. Therefore microorganisms are damaging the important documents and works of art irreversibly. Previous research reported that mycelium or spores of the fungi were observed on the wax of the volumes of King Sejong especially were heavily deteriorated by fungi. Fungal strains isolated from the annals of Joseon dynasty were identified as Biscogniauxia atropunctata, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium polonicum, Ceriporia lacerata, Irpex lacteus. Especially Aspergillus and Penicillium are able to grow on the substrates having a 7-8% moisture content, which is much lower than the general storage condition (RH55-60%) of the paper cultural properties. Moreover, they are known as fungi cause paper deterioration and discoloration. In this study, we selected Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium polonicum among five strains, then biological aging has been executed for 30 days. The growth of Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium polonicum in wax was lower than wax treated paper and Hanji. The growth of them in beeswax treated paper and Hanji both were excellent.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

The annals of Joseon Dynasty is one of the UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. For the safety preservation of wax applied volumes of the annals of Joseon Dynasty, the aging behavior of beeswax and beeswaxed Hanji with $CO_2$, $O_3$, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ gas has been evaluated. The weight loss of beeswaxed Hanji after aging under ozone gas were increased because of strong acidity of ozone. The acid value and relative intensity of carbonyl groups in beeswax were stabilized with aging time. The physical strength of dewaxed Hanji after ozone aging were rapidly decreased by aging time. The crystallinity of dewaxed Hanji were stabilized at all aging times.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1573-1582
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for 3D structure printing of alternative fats that have the textural properties of lard using beeswax (BW)-based oleogel by a statistical analysis. Products printed with over 15% BW oleogel at 50% and 75% infill level (IL) showed high printing accuracy with the lowest dimensional printing deviation for the designed model. The hardness, cohesion, and adhesion of printed samples were influenced by BW concentration and infill level. For multi-response optimization, fixed target values (hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) were applied with lard printed at 75% IL. The preparation parameters obtained as a result of multiple reaction prediction were 58.9% IL and 16.0% BW, and printing with this oleogel achieved fixed target values similar to those of lard. In conclusion, our study shows that 3D printing based on the BW oleogel system produces complex internal structures that allow adjustment of the textural properties of the printed samples, and BW oleogels could potentially serve as an excellent replacement for fat.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제11권
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

본 고에서는 해저 출토 도자기의 특징을 설명하고 전반적인 보존처리과정을 소개하고자한다. 우선 해저 출토 유물의 특성 상 탈염처리를 통하여 청자 장고 내부의 염을 제거하였으며, X-Ray 촬영을 하여 내, 외부 손상정도를 파악하였다. 결손부위는 밀랍왁스(beeswax)를 사용하여 복원 틀을 만들고, 청자 몸통부분의 태토와 유사한 색감과 질감을 가진 토기 파편을 분쇄하여 충전제와 함께 복원제를 제작하여 복원하였다. 복원 후에는 복원부위가 육안으로 식별 가능하도록 색맞춤을 진행하였다.

• 한국양봉학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2019

Beekeeping has been practiced for centuries in Ethiopia. Currently, there are three broad classification of honey production systems in Ethiopia; these are traditional (forest and backyard), transitional(intermediate) and modern(frame beehive) systems. Ethiopian honey production is characterized by the widespread use of traditional technology resulting in relatively low honey yield and poor honey quality. Despite the challenges and constraints, Ethiopia has the largest bee population in Africa with over 10 million bee colonies, of which 5 to 7.5million are hived while the remaining exists in the wild. Consequently, these figures, indeed, has put Ethiopia as the leading honey and beeswax producer in Africa. In fact, Ethiopia has even bigger potential than the current honey production due to the availability of plenty apicultural resources such as natural forests with adequate apiculture flora, water resources and a high number of existing bee colonies. However, lack of well-trained man powers, lack of standardization, problems associated with honey bee pests and diseases, high price and limited availability of modern beekeeping equipment's for beekeepers and absconding and migration of bee colonies are some of the major constraints reported for beekeeping in Ethiopia. In this review, an attempt was made to present all beekeeping practices in Ethiopia. The opportunities and major constraints of the sector were also discussed.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2009년도 춘계학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.283-288
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• 2009