• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.26-38
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• 2017

In this study, bedding rock permeability was measured using Berea sandstones with three different beddings. The fracture permeability was also measured using tight sandstone with two different fracture regimes considering in-situ stress conditions. The Berea sandstone with vertical, horizontal and non-bedding was used to analyze evolution of permeability upon in-situ stress conditions. In order to describe applied effective stress around rock in underground, the triaxial pressure cell & hydrostatic pressure cell was designed and permeability experiments were performed with controlled axial and confining pressures. The measurement of permeability was conducted by increasing and decreasing effective stress. The permeability of non-bedding rock sample is the most sensitive to applied stress conditions and fracture permeability of tight sandstone increases with fracture treatment with proppant.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.168-177
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• 2017

In order to reveal formation factors and developmental processes of tafoni this study was conducted with petrological analysis including microscopic observation, measurement of water content and water analysis at Golgulsa temple in Gyeongju, South Korea. The direction of the entrance to tafoni at Golgulsa temple tends to coincide with the direction of slope, and this is thought to be related to the direction of wind flow and water supply. Tafoni's initial developmental processes is judged to have grown as a result of a breakaway of rock fragments along with beddings and cracks in rock. Then, tafoni have been enlarged along at the spots that sufficiently accommodate water supply depending on the direction of wind. The results of water analysis of the stagnant water in gnamma implies that a high meltage of Na and Cl compared to other inland areas can be from the adjacent shore. The effects of such saline substances on rock weathering and development of taponi are currently under way through electronic microscopy and geochemical analysis.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.507-512
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• 2022

The subjects of the study are the sedimentary rock slope of the Mesozoic Gyeongsang Supergroup, which has a high risk of failure. The rocks of the slope shall be sandstone, siltstone and dacite, and discontinuities shall develop beddings, shear joints, extension joints, and dacite dyke boundary planes. The type and scale of failure varies depending on the type of rock and the strike/dip of the discontinuities, but the planar failure prevails. Based on the face-mapping data, SMR, physical and mechanical testing of rocks, the critical equilibrium analysis, all representative sections required a countermeasure method because the acceptable safety factor during dry and rainy seasons were far below Fs=1.5 and Fs=1.2. After applying the countermeasure method, both the dry and wet conditions of the slope exceeded the allowable safety factor. In particular, the face-mapping data of the slope-face, the geological cross-sections of several representative sections perpendicular to the slope-face, and the critical equilibrium analysis and the presentation of countermeasure methods that have been reviewed based on them are expected to be reasonable tools for the slope stability.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2022

Background: No studies have reported on the effects of loess beddings on insomnia patients. Purpose: It studied the change in quality of life and quality of sleep after having 15 insomnia subjects use the bedding that emits far-infrared rays. Methods: After using loess bedding for the test group and general yellow bedding for the control group, the study was conducted in the form of a questionnaire on the WHO quality of life of the subjects. Results: In the overall quality of life evaluation, the pre-and post-changes significantly improved in the test group. Using loess bedding was greatly enhanced the physical change, the actual sleep time, and the quality of sleep of the test group. The period of sleep was significantly longer post-treating, and the habitual sleep efficiency was considerably higher, and sleep disturbance was significantly lower than before in the test group. Sleep drug use and daytime dysfunction after treating in the test group significantly improved the sleep effect. Changes in the Sociality Scale, Environmental Change Scale, and Quality of Life Scale significantly improved in the test group. The quality of life for 14 items in the test group was significantly correlated. Daytime drowsiness, depression, and anxiety scale changes were significantly improved in the test group. According to the predictive survey, the subjects felt warmth in their body and comfort in mind during and after using loess bedding and evaluated that sleep quality was good. Conclusions: The overall quality of life in the test group increased using loess bedding.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.377-386
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• 2023

The effect of different commercially available bedding materials on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of ducks for 42 days was investigated. 336 one-day-old White-Pekin ducklings (60.48 ± 0.16 g) were randomly allocated into 24-floor pens with one of the three beddings namely i) coco peat, ii) rice husks, or iii) sawdust. 14 ducklings per pen and 8 replicate pens per bedding material were used. Birds were fed a starter diet from days 1-21 and a grower diet from days 22-42. Weekly growth performance evaluation was conducted for the average body weight, weight gains, daily feed intake, and feed conversion efficiency. One bird per pen was sacrificed on day 42 for the evaluation of carcass characteristics including the carcass, breast, and leg muscle percentages. Breast and leg muscle samples were then collected and analyzed for their proximate and pH values. Higher body weights (p < 0.05) were noticed with rice husks on day 42 only. Improved daily gains (p < 0.05) were also noticed for birds raised with rice husks over the entire period (days 1-42). Concerning feed intake, higher values (p < 0.05) were similarly noted with rice husks for the grower phase (days 22-42), and the entire experimental period (days 1-42). Marginally improved feed intake values were also noted with the use of rice husks as the bedding materials on day 42 (p = 0.092). Improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) was noticed with rice husks on day 35, the grower period, and the entire 42-day period. However, no significant differences were noticed for most of the carcass characteristics that were evaluated. Nevertheless, higher (p < 0.05) pH values for the breast muscle were noticed with the use of coco peat and sawdust as the bedding. Conclusively, the bedding type could have a significant impact on the growth performance of ducks without adverse effects on carcass characteristics. The use of rice husks as bedding might be advantageous and is therefore recommended.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2008

The Pungcheon-myeon, Andong, consists mainly of Precambrian metamorphic rocks, Jurassic igneous rocks, Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Hasandong, Jinju and Iljik Formations) and Cretaceous igneous rocks (gabbroic rocks, dykes), in which several major faults are developed; Andong fault of ENE trend, which is the boundary fault of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin and the Precambrian-Jurassic basement (Yeongnam Massif), Namhu fault parallel to it, Maebong fault of NNW direction, bow-shaped Gwangdeok fault of ENE direction which is convex toward SSE direction, and Hahoe fault of NNE direction. This paper is researched the geological structures around these major faults by means of the detailed geometric analysis on beddings, joints, faults and drag folds. As a result, a reverse slip faulting of top-to-the SSE movement accompanied with a regional drag folding is recognized from the arrangement of bedding poles measured around the Gwangdeok and Hahoe faults at its northeastern extension, and a zone of Gwangdeok drag fold of 150-300 m width, which is wider at the central and eastern parts of Gwangdeok fault and narrower at its western part and Hahoe fault, is also defined. It indicates that the Hahoe and Gwangdeok faults are a single fault and their movements are coeval unlike the results of earlier reasearchers. And, In this area are recognized two types of faults [(E)NE${\sim}$EW(fault I), WNW${\sim}$NNW (fault II), trending faults] and four types of joints [EW (I), (N)NW (II), NNE (III), NE (IV) trending joints]. These fractures were formed at least through four different events, named as Dn to Dn+3 phases. (1) Dn phase; the formation of joint (I) (Gwangdeok joint) and the intrusion of acidic dykes of EW trend under the compression of EW direction. (2) Dn+1 phase; the formations of joint (II) (Maebong joint), lens-shaped boudinage of acidic dykes, oblique-slip reverse fault (Fault I-Gwangdeok fault) under the compression of (N)NW direction, and the formation of regional zone of Gwangdeok drag fold accompanying the Gwangdeok faulting. (3) Dn+2 phase; those of joint (III), Fault II (Maebong fault) by dextral strike-slip movement of Maebong joint under the compression of NNE direction, and the extension cutting of Dn+1 structures due to the Maebong faulting. (4) Dn+3 phase; the jointing (IV) and the reactivation of Fault II as oblique-slip type with predominant dextral motion which took place under the compression of NE direction. It also suggests that the Maebong fault is not a tear fault deveolped during thrust tectonics of the Andong and Gwangdeok faults but is a post-fault during different tectonic event.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.6 no.1_2 s.7
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• pp.8-19
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• 1998

In the Sinri area located at the mid western boundary of the Jinan basin, the Manduksan Formation which mainly consists of coarse sandstone narrowly intercalated with shale and the alternation of sand and shale and the Dalgil Formation mainly of shale are distributed. It consists of four lithofacies, such as coarse sandstone, interbedded sandstone/shale, shale and volcanic rock lithofacies. All sediments are interpreted to be deposited by turbidity currents and free fallouts in a lacustrine basin. In these rocks many penecontemporaneous defomation structures are observed such as fold and thrust fault at large scale, and swelling, boudin structure, flame structure, load structure, ptygmatic fold and convolute bedding at small scale. All these structures are developed between upper and lower undisturbed sedimentary strata. Two large folds are similar folds, but lower one gradually developed into concentric shape. The swelling structures by convergence of the sediments are observed in the hinge area and the boudin structures are developed in the limb. The thrust faults including minor folds and sandstone lobes show duplex structure with asymmetric and kink fold on and below in front of the detached sandstone layer. Development of the swellings, boudins and lobes indicates the flexbility of the sediments during deformational episodes. The folds and thrust faults rarely contain fractures relative their scales and lithologies. This feature also indicates the retrievability of sediments during deformation. At the flanks of the thrust faults the normal faults are formed contemporaneously. The deformation structures at small scale such as flame structures, load structures, ptygmatic folds and convolute beddings are syndepositional and penecontemporaneous, which show the effects of tectonic movements. All these deformed sedimentary structures of the Sinri area suggest the continuing tectonic movements during and/or after deposition.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2009

The main fault of Yangsan Fault Zone (YFZ) and Quaternary fault were found in a trench section with NW-SE direction at an entrance of the Sinheung village in the northern Eonyang, Ulsan, Korea. We interpreted the movement history of the southern part of the YFZ from the geometric and kinematic characteristics of basement rock's fault of the YFZ (Sinheung Fault) and Quaternary fault (Quaternary Sinheung Fault) investigated at the trench section. The trench outcrop consists mainly of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of Hayang Group and volcanic rocks of Yucheon Group which lie in fault contact and Quaternary deposits which unconformably overlie these basement rocks. This study suggests that the movement history of the southern part of the YFZ can be explained at least by two different strike-slip movements, named as D1 and D2 events, and then two different dip-slip movements, named as D3 and D4 events. (1) D1 event: a sinistral strike-slip movement which caused the bedding of sedimentary rocks to be high-angled toward the main fault of the YFZ. (2) D2 event: a dextral strike-slip movement slipped along the high-angled beddings as fault surfaces. The main characteristic structural elements are predominant sub-horizontal slickenlines and sub-vertical fault foliations which show a NNE trend. The event formed the main fault rocks of the YFZ. (3) D3 event: a conjugate reverse-slip movement slipped along fault surfaces which trend (E)NE and moderately dip (S)SE or (N)NW. The slickenlines, which plunge in the dip direction of fault surfaces, overprint the previous sub-horizontal slickenlines. The fault is characterized by S-C fabrics superimposed on the D2 fault gouges, fault surfaces showing ramp and flat geometry, asymmetric and drag folds and collapse structures accompanied with it. The event dispersed the orientation of the main fault surface of the YFZ. (4) D4 event: a Quaternary reverse-slip movement showing a displacement of several centimeters with S-C fabrics on the Quternary deposits. The D4 fault surfaces are developed along the extensions of the D3 fault surfaces of basement rocks, like the other Quaternary faults within the YFZ. This indicates that these faults were formed under the same compression of (N)NW-(S)SE direction.