• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제11권1_2호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2020

본 연구는 사용 중인 칫솔의 관리법과 구강내 세균의 산생성도에 따른 칫솔의 세균량을 측정하여 비교한 후 올바른 칫솔 관리를 위한 교육자료를 개발하는데 기초자료로 제시하고자 한다. 건강한 20대 성인 50명의 1개월이상 사용 중인 칫솔을 수거하여 칫솔의 세균수와 pH를 측정하였다. 하루 칫솔질의 횟수가 4회인 경우 pH는 4.97로 가장 높았고 세균수는 42.16(104×CFU/ml)으로 가장 낮게 나타났으며 칫솔의 사용 교체 시기가 1개월인 경우 pH가 5.35로 가장 높았고 세균수는 19.80(104 × CFU/ml)로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 욕실에 보관한 경우 pH는 4.78로 가장 낮았고 세균수는 149.46(104 × CFU/ml) 가장 높게 나타났으며 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.01). 연구결과 칫솔의 세균을 차단하기 위해서는 가정에서 오염된 칫솔을 간단하게 살균할 수 있는 방법을 연구하고 개발해야 할 것이다. 또한 칫솔질 교육을 할 때 올바른 칫솔 세척 방법과 보관법에 대하여 교육을 할 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the fall risk factors. Method: The subjects were 87 persons who were older than 65 years living at 28 nursing home in Seoul and Gyunggi province. Subjects were interviewed using RAFS II for intrinsic factor and the environmental factor were assessed using a structured questionnaire from Oct. to Dec. in 2004. The data were analyzed by SPSS(ver. 12.0) programs, using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, and t-test. Result: The 37.9% of the subjects experienced the fall, and its average number is $1.94\pm1.75$. The Women's experience of the fall was higher than that of the men, but it was no significant difference with gender. There was no significant difference with the age and duration of living. The mean of the intrinsic risk factor was 13.38 in total score 39 points marks on the RAFS II scales. The intrinsic risk factor score of the fallen group 15.71 was significantly higher than the non-fallen group 12.10. The variables of recent fall experience(t=4.72, p=0.000) and urinary dysfunction(t=2.64, p=0.010) was significantly higher than the non-fallen group. The highest variable of the intrinsic factor was the age and the variables of drug intake, balance, chronic disease, recent fall experience, urinary dysfunction were followed in order. The mean of the environmental risk factor was 0.24 points. No significant differences were shown in environmental risk factor between the fallen and the non-fallen groups. To the fallen group, the place of entrance was the highest risky environmental factor. To see in area dimension, the floor surfaces was the highest risky environmental factor and equipment and illumination factor was the following risky elements in order. In the total score of environmental risk factors based on the ares, the fallen group was 0.26 and the non-fallen group was 0.24, but there were no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: This results suggested that visual protection strategy, set up the safety device in the place of entrance and inner stairway, bathroom and nonskid mat in the nursing home would be contribute to the prevention of the fall for the elderly.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2009

목적: 이 연구는 한국과 미국대학생의 음주로 인한 간접피해수준을 상대적으로 비교하기 위해 설계되었다. 방법: 하버드대학교의 대학생음주연구(CAS)의 2001년도의 원자료 10,924명의 데이터와 한국대학생음주연구(KCAS)의 2003년도의 원자료 2,385명의 데이터를 하나의 파일에 함께 넣어서 분석하였다. 조사도구는 CAS의 대학생용 조사설문지를 사용하였으며, 한국의 주종과 량과 관련하여서는 표준잔과 량을 기준으로 적용하였다. 지난 한 달 동안의 음주하였다고 한 학생의 알코올관련문제 및 간접피해의 정도를 비교하였으며, 연령과 음주빈도 와 음주량 통제하여 로지스틱회귀분석의 결과로 제시하였다. 결과: 한국대학생들이 술 취한 동료를 돌봄, 성적인 폭행, 데이트 강간, 구토물들을 발견하는 것 등의 간접피해를 많이 받는 반면에 미국대학생들은 모욕을 당함, 심하게 다툼, 밀침을 당함, 학업에 방해를 받음, 폭행을 당함, 원치 않은 섹스를 함 등의 간접피해를 더 많이 겪고 있다. 결론: 미국대학생들은 상호관계에 의한 간접피해를 많이 느끼는데 비해서, 한국대학생들은 개인적이고 신체적인 간접피해를 더 많이 느끼고 있다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide information about domestic living of Korean immigrants in Australia and Canada who have the same cultural background for comparative study. For this, usage of domestic space and living style in housing of 52 Korean households in Melbourne of Australia and 32 Korean households in the region of Waterloo of Canada were analyzed. Ethnographic research with questionnaire were used. Results of the research were as follows. 1. Korean immigrants in each countries were living in houses which was built by company of Australia and Canada. 44.2% of Korean immigrants in Australia were using L+D K and 53.1% of Korean immigrants in Canada were using L D K. 2. Laundry was indispensable for Korean immigrants in both countries and they all wanted to use the laundry as a utility room which could dry, ironing and so on. 3. Drain hole on the floor of the bathroom was not indispensable for most Korean immigrants in both countries for hygienic reason. 4. Korean immigrants in both countries were ironing in master bedroom and they all wanted to separate it from there through renovation and extension and so on. 5. Korean immigrants in Canada were more active to use the formal lounge which has been planned as a traditional element of western house. 6. The seating style of Korean immigrants in both countries belong to chair-seating style mostly. But it was clear that they were making Kimchi with floor seating style in both countries. 7. A level of satisfaction about using carpet was not high for Korean immigrants in both countries cause of uneasiness to clean and it was considered to relate to the floor seating style of them. 8. Almost Korean immigrants were took off the shoes inside of the house and they had shoes cabinet beside the entrance or basement usually. 9. The most popular heating system was ducted heating in both countries. The level of satisfaction about this was different for Korean immigrants in Australia and Canada but most desirable heating system was Ondol for them in both countries commonly.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.4240-4247
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 어머니의 변인에 따라 안전지식과 가정 안전환경 실천의 차이를 조사하고, 안전지식과 안전환경 실천간의 관계를 검증하는 것이다. 연구대상은 전라북도 I시의 어린이집에 재원한 영유아의 자녀를 둔 어머니 143명이다. 연구도구는 선행연구 및 자료를 참고로 하여 연구목적에 적절하게 수정 보완한 질문지를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 빈도분석, 신뢰도 검증, 기술통계, 독립표본 t검증, F검증, Scheffe 사후 검증, Pearson 상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어머니의 안전지식은 평균 보다는 약간 높은 수준으로 나타났다. 어머니의 연령에 따라 영유아 발달 특성, 놀잇감 안전, 위험 물질, 응급처치 영역에서 차이가 있었다. 어머니의 학력에 따라 안전지식의 총합 점수와 영유아 발달 특성, 위험 상황에서, 자녀의 연령에 따라 영유아 발달 특성, 전기 화재 안전에서 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 어머니는 대체적으로 가정의 안전환경을 위한 실천을 잘하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 어머니의 연령에 따라 욕실과 현관영역에서, 자녀의 연령에 따라 안전환경 실천의 총합 점수와 방과 주방 영역에서 차이가 있었다. 셋째, 어머니의 안전지식과 안전환경 실천간에는 관계성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과로 볼 때 어머니의 안전지식을 향상시킬 수 있는 다양한 안전교육 프로그램이 개발 운영될 필요성이 있다.

• 한국연극학
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• 제48호
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• pp.5-50
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• 2012

In these days, we come across a growing interest in animals from various perspectives. Considering that the posthumanistic point of view forms the major stream of postmodern humanities, ethics and philosophies, this paper tries to study the liminality between human beings and animal as appear in postmodern plays. The cases of a middle-aged architect falling in love with a goat (The Goat, or Who is Sylvia? by Edward Albee); An abandoned (human-)dog that encounters his old mistress under the moonlight (A leaseholder by Yoon Young-sun); Coexistence of men, dog, plants in a Country life (White Cherry by Bae Sam-sik); A Mutual sympathy between a swarm of bees and a woman dying of cancer(Bee by Bae Sam-sik) were discussed referring such concepts as 'Otherness' of Derrida, 'Becoming'of Deleuze, 'a bare life' of Agamben and ecological co-existence. In The Goat, the moment of Martin who happened to meet a goat's eyes in a suburbs can be paralleled with that of Derrida who one day found himself caught up with the gaze of a cat in the bathroom while he was naked. They shared the common experience in that they went through the ontological and mysterious abyss that rendered them to raise the question of "Who am I ?" In A leaseholder, a young woman returns to her hometown exhausted by the calculating human society and meet her old time (human-dog). This story reminds us of Agamben's werewolf, Levinas's dog Bobby and Derrida's Zootobiography. He, an abandoned pet, both excluded and included from human society, now appearing as a mysterious human-dog, welcomes, embraces, and comprehends his old mistress and exposes his individual remorses and passions as an animal-subject. In White Cherry, the author describes the coexistence of all the life-beings such as an old dog, a golden bell tree, the deceased daughter and even a fossil remains in a country life. Bee is a story of a beekeeping village where bees were leaving and disappearing. A swam of bees fly down on a woman who was dying of cancer. With physical and spiritual empathy the dying woman helps the swarm of bee to conduct a new birth and a new life.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.34-48
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• 2019

Background: Fall-related injuries in older adults are a major health problem, and the risks and mechanisms of these injuries should be affected by race, culture, living environment, and/or economic status. Objects: Research articles have been systematically reviewed to understand fall-related injuries in older adults in South Korea. Methods: 128 published research papers have been found through the Korea Citation Index and the Korean Studies Information Service System, and reviewed in various perspectives, including incidents, fall death rates, medical costs, causes, injury sites and types, locations where falls occurred, prevention strategies, scholarly fields interested in fall injuries, and the role of physical therapy. Results: Fall-related injuries were found to be more common in women than in men, and the number of incidents increased with age, with the highest rate found in individuals over 85 years old. Risk of fall injury was associated with education level, comorbidities, and fear of falling. Common places where falls occurred included the bathroom, living room, stairs, and hallway. Common types of injury included bruises, fractures, and sprains in the lower extremities. Intervention strategies included exercise programs, education, and protective clothing. Scholarly fields interested in fall-related injuries in older adults included medicine, nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, physical education, pharmacology, oriental medicine, biomedical engineering, design, clothing, and textiles. Physical therapy intervention using proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation has been used to improve one's balance. Conclusion: Any movement during the activities of daily living can lead to a fall. Physical therapists are highly educated to analyze human movements and should be involved in more research and practices to solve fall-related injuries in older adults.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2021

건축 외립면의 색채 디자인은 건축 스타일을 나타내는 중요한 표현이다. 국내에는 '마을예술' 프로젝트가 추진되면서 많은 마을이 관광명소로 자리 잡았으며, 이 때문에 건축색채 디자인을 통하여 주민들의 생활 패턴과 관광객의 관광 수요를 가늠하는 것을 마을 건설의 중점이 된다. 본 논문은 먼저 문헌조사를 통하여 건축물의 사용기능과 외부색채의 향토적 역할을 분석하였으며, 부산 흰여울문화마을을 대상으로 주거건축, 상업건축, 레저구역건축과 공중화장실 등 4종류의 건축물에 대한 현지 고차를 실시하고, KSCA 측색분석시스템, 설문조사를 통하여 건축물 외벽면의 색채계획을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 첫째, 흰여울문화마을의 건축물 외벽면의 주조색이 차지하는 면적은 가장 크게 증가시키며, 전체적인 통일성을 증진시켜 고명도, 저채도 색채의 경향으로 만족시켜야 한다. 둘째, 레저구역은 고채도의 소형 건축물 색채는 시각적 가이드로서의 역할을 할 수 있다. 셋째, 상업 구역와 주거 구역은 색채의 차이가 비교적 크므로서 주조색이 고명도, 고채도, 다색상의 색채범위를 취한다. 넷째, 공중화장실은 주조색은 주거지역, 레저구역의 주조색 범위를 위주로 하여 시각적 안정감을 제공한다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.566-573
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• 2022

연구목적: 본 연구는 중동호흡기증후군(MERS) 및 코로나바이러스 감염증-19(코로나19)의 국내 유행 이후 늘어난 신종 감염병에 대한 두려움을 해소하기 위하여, 감염취약계층의 집단감염 위험이 있는 초등학교에서 공기살균기 적용에 따른 공기살균효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법: 서울시 소재의 초등학교의 교실 및 급식실, 화장실에 공기살균기를 각 1대씩 설치하고 공기살균기와 2m 떨어진 거리에서 표면 및 공기 시료를 채취하여 미설치 대조군과 비교하여 세균저감 효과를 분석하였다. 연구결과: 표면에서의 살균효과는 대조군 및 시험군 모두 2log CFU/cm²미만의 결과가 나왔으며, 대조군에 비해 시험군이 54~87% 저감효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 공기중에서의 살균효과는 공기살균기 설치 위치에 따라 살균능력이 차이 났으며, 벽면 설치는 대조군에 비해 최대 91%의 저감 효과를 보였으며, 중앙 설치는 최대 93%의 저감 효과를 보였다. 결론: 연구결과 상시적인 소독을 진행하는 초등학교에서 현재의 방역프로그램을 유지하는 한편 공기살균기의 적용하여 상시적인 공기살균을 병행하면 감염병 전파 방지에 상승효과를 볼 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 또한 공기살균기로의 공기유입이 원활할 수 있도록 하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다.