• 기본간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify levels of activity of daily living, self-efficacy. stroke specific quality of life and need for self-help management program for patients with hemiplegia in the home. Data were collected from June to November, 2000 and subjects were 88 poststroke patients who lived in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. The questionnaire consisted of 5 scales: activities of daily living, self-efficacy, stroke specific qulaity of life and need for a self-help management program. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percent, paired t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient with the SAS(version 6.12) program. The results are as follows ; 1) Most of subjects were Partially independent in ADL, but they needed assist once to do dressing, bathing meal preparation and house keeping work. 2) The mean self-efficacy score was 54.89(range : 1 to 80) and the individual differences were large. 3) Subjects responded that they were satisfied on the stroke specific quality of life scale totaled 65.8%. This value is comparatively low, especially for social role(51.4%), family functioning(58.3%) and mood (62.2%). 4) The highest needs for self-help management programs were for physical therapy, stress management, and range of motion exercise and the lowest needs were for elimination management and training, family counseling, and speech therapy. 5) On the demographic variables, sex showed significant differences for the dependent variables. Females had higher scores than males for IADL, self-efficacy, stroke-specific quality of life, and need for self-help management. 6) Age had high negative correlation with ADL, self-efficacy and stroke specific quality of life. Age was also correlated with need for self-help management. In conclusion, there was a high correlation for ADL, Self-efficacy and Quality of life in poststroke patients of home. The patient with a stroke also had a strong need for self-help management programs especially physical therapy and stress management. Therefore rehabilitation programs based on self-efficacy enhancement need to be developed in order to promote independent living for patients with hemiplegia.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.781-793
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the stress level and health-related behaviors of nurses and to provide basic information for developing educational programs in the health care field. The subjects of this study were 197 nurses and 94 nursing assistants working at hospitals in the Kyung-nam area. A survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire in November, 2002. The results were as follows : The average age and work experience of the subjects were 26.9 and 5.6 years, respectively. The number of respondents in the shift and non-shift operations was equally distributed. The mean height and weight were 161.2 cm and 52.7 kg, respectively. Even though the average body mass index (BMI) and obesity index were normal in the subjects, 9.2% of the subjects were overweight/obese, while 28.9% of the subjects were under weight, according to the obesity index. The mean score of stress was 27.5 \pm$\pm$ 4.6 out of 50 points. Most of the subjects were highly stressed about the amount of their work, problems regarding their future, and relationships with their superiors. With regard to changes in food intake due to stress, 44.1% showed an increased intake, while 32.3% showed a reduced intake. The degree of health consciousness of the married nurses, those over 36 years of age, and those with over 10 years of nursing experience was significantly higher than that of the unmarried nurses, those under 35 years of age, and those with under 10 years of nursing experience (p<0.01). Fifty-one point three percent of the subjects thought their health status was unhealthy. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects had tried weight control. Their main reason for trying weight control was to have a slender figure (62.3%), and their methods of weight control were moderation in intake(45.6%), exercise and dieting (36.9%). TV/radio (49.5%) and newspaper/magazines (47.1%) were the primary sources of nutritional and health information for the subjects, and professional (25.1%) and the internet (13.4%) were ranked relatively highly. The food components of most concern to the subjects during meal time were (in order of importance) fats (51.9%), calories (40.2%) and salt (35.1%). The subjects considered 'taking a rest' (73.5%) as the most important factor in maintaining an optimal health status, followed by self-relaxation (56.4%), moderation in diet (39.5), bathing or using a sauna (25.7%) and exercising (22.7%).

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.123-137
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• 2015

Objectives The aim of this clinical study was to find out the changes of vital sign, body composition, skin status before and after combined spa-exercise therapy in participants of middle-aged women. Methods In this study 24 participants of middle-aged women went through 12 weeks of combined spa-exercise therapy. Each week vital sign, body composition, skin status were measured before exercise, which consisted of warming-up, whole body exercise and final exercises bathing in spa ($32{\sim}36^{\circ}C$). Results 1. The average of systolic blood pressure significantly decreased from $126.38{\pm}19.33mmHg$ to $120.46{\pm}11.18mmHg$ after 11 weeks of spa-exercise therapy (p<0.05). 2. The average of moisture of skin significantly increased from $36.83{\pm}3.18$ to $44.21{\pm}7.43$ after 11 weeks of spa-exercise therapy (p<0.05). 3. The average of elasticity of skin significantly increased from $59.75{\pm}3.50$ to $62.63{\pm}2.29$ after 11 weeks of spa-exercise therapy (p<0.05). 4. The average of diastolic blood pressure, pulse, et cetera. didn't significantly change after spa-exercise therapy. Conclusions The results showed that 12 weeks of spa-exercise therapy had significant effect on reducing systolic blood pressure, increasing moisture, elasticity of skin in participants of middle-aged women, which means spa-exercise therapy may be used as a treatment on high blood pressure and cutaneous diseases. Further studies are anticipated to find out other various effects of spa-exercise therapy.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.437-442
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• 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drive-assisting system in a shower carrier on the upper body muscle activities of caregivers through drivability tests. Background: In care facilities, one of the major ADL (Activities of Daily Living) factors is bathing/showering. Recently, bath/shower-assisting equipment is actively being introduced in care facilities to reduce caregivers' muscle burden. In particular, it is desirable to utilize a shower carrier equipped with drive-assisting system to effectively care for the elderly. However, there were few systematic studies on the relationship between muscle activities and drive-assisting speeds. Method: For the drivability tests to study the effects on the muscle activities according to the drive-assisting speeds(corresponding drive-voltages: 0.0V, 2.0V, 2.1V, 2.3V), 6 females in their 40s($43{\pm}4yrs$, $157{\pm}5cm$, and $54.5{\pm}1.5kg$) were selected. To measure muscle activities of caregivers through drivability tests, 7 muscles in the upper body(TM/Trapezius Muscle, DM/Deltoid Muscle, BBM/Biceps Brachii Muscle, TBM/Triceps Brachii Muscle, ECRLM/Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle, FCUM/Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle, and ESM/Erector Spinae Muscle) were selected. Results: In the TM, muscle activities were decreased as 21% compared to 0.0V, when drive-voltage 2.0V was applied, as 57% by 2.1V, and 62% by 2.3V(p<0.05), whereas 40%, 56%, and 69% of muscles activities were decreased respectively from the DM(p<0.05). Also, from the UL(BBM+TBM+ECRLM+FCUM), muscle activities were decreased by 17% with 2.0V as against 0.0V, by 47% with 2.1V, and 52% with 2.3V, whereas decreases in muscle activities from the ESM were found by 20%, 34%, and 42% respectively by 2.0V, 2.1V, and 2.3V(p<0.05). Conclusion: The muscle activities were decreased in the order of the DM, TM, ESM, and UL. As muscle activities were remarkably reduced as drive voltage were increased, it was expected to reduce the upper body muscle burden on the caregivers when using shower carriers equipped with driving-assist system. Applications: The results from this study can be applied for the development of a shower carrier including other equipment to possibly reduce the muscle burden of the caregivers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.7-16
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• 1980

The effects of various inotropic interventions on the shape of the steady state length tension relation and the length-dependent activation process in cardiac muscle were studied. The influence of inotropic interventions upon the action potential was also observed. The range of varying muscle length was from the optimal length$(l_{max})$, where the active tension production is maximal, to 0.85 $l_{max}$. Changes in stimulus frequency or in external bathing Ca concentration constituted the inotropic interventions in this experiment. The papillary muscles were isolated from the rabbit right ventricles and perfused with $HCO-_3\;-buffered$ normal Tyrode solution which was aerated with $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ mixed gas and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. Resting Passive tension at $l_{max}$ was approximately 30% of the total tension and appeared from the muscle length of 0.90 $l_{max}$. The effect of stimulus frequency on the steady state level of developed tension was: As the stimulus frequency was increased from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz, there was little change in developed tension. As the frequency was increased further, to a value of about 3 Hz, tension increased steeply. Further increase of the frequency to 5 Hz had little additional effect on the developed tension. The length-tension curves for isometric peak tension became more steeper with the degree of potentiation by inotropic interventions. The relative steepness of the normalized length-tension curves where tension production was expressed as a percentage of maximal tension developed at $l_{max}$, varied inversely with the level of inotropic state and these curves were not superimposable one another. Thus at the stimulus frequency of 2 Hz or at the external Ca concentration of 8 mM, the relative decline in the developed tension for a given change in muscle length was considerably less than the decline observed at the frequency of 0.5 Hz or at the concentration of 2 mM Ca. Action potential duration was prolonged significantly as the frequency increased from 0.2 to 2 Hz, and this change in action potential duration was not observable on the changes in muscle length. There was a tendency of the hyperpolarization of membrane potential when the muscle length was shortened from $l_{max}$ to 0.95 $l_{max}$. These results support the hypothesis that there is a length-dependence of the activation process.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-41
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• 1986

The sufficient myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$ to react with the contractile proteins is necessary to induce contraction of a cardiac muscle. These $Ca^{++}$ for the production of muscle contraction are supplied from the three recognized $Ca^{++}$ sources; internal $Ca^{++}$ release via the sarcoplasmic reticulum(SR), $Ca^{++}$ influx through a gated Ca-channel in the membrane as a Isi, and $Ca^{++}$ transport by the mechanism of Na/ca exchange. However, it is still controversial which $Ca^{++}$ sources act as a main contributor for myoplasmic $Ca^{++}$, Therefore, this study was undertaken in order to examine the $Ca^{++}$ sources for the contraction of frog ventricle. There is evidence that the SR is sparse in frog ventricular fibers, and that T-tubules are absent. Isolated ventricular strips of frog, Rana nigromaculata, were used in this experiment. Isometric tension was recorded by force transducer, and membrane potentials of ventricular muscles were measured through the intracellular glass microelectrodes, which were filled with 3M KCI and had resistance of $30{\pm}50M{\Omega}$. All experiments were performed at room temperature in a tris·buffered Ringer solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$. Isotonic high K, low Na solution was used to induce K-contracture, K-contracture appeared at the concentration of 20 to 30mM-KCI and was potentiated in parallel with the increase in KCI concentration. The contracture had two components: an initial rapid phasic and a subsequent slow tonic contractile responses. Membrane Potentials measured at normal Ringer solution(2.5mM KCI) was -90 to -100 mV, and decreased linearly as the KCI concentration increased; -55mV at 20mM.KCI, -45mV at 30 mM.KCI, -30 mY at 50 mM.KCI, and -12 mV at 100 mM.KCI. K-contracture was evoked firstly at the membrane potential of -45 mV. The contracture was potentiated by the increase of bathing extracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. However, in the absence of $Ca^{++}$ the contracture was almost not induced by 50 mM.KCI solution. Caffeine(20mM) in normal Ringer solution, which is known to release $Ca^{++}$ from SR without substantial effects on the $Ca^{++}$ fluxes across the surface membrane, did not affect membrane potential and also not initiate contracture, but the caffeine in 20 mM-KCI Ringer solution produced a contracture. Above results suggest that the main $Ca^{++}$ source for the K·contracture of frog ventricle is $Ca^{++}$ influx through the voltage-dependent Ca-channel, and that in the K-contracture at the concentration of 100 mM-KCI, the mechanism of Na/ca exchange also partly contributs, in addition to the $Ca^{++}$ influx.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.156-170
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• 2007

부산은 지리적 특성으로 인하여 상공업이 발달하였고 정착기와 확산기를 맞이하였으며 무역도시로 발달하였다. 2000년 이후 인구감소, 제조업의 이전, 외래관광객의 감소 등으로 경제력이 약화되어 경쟁력을 잃고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위하여 항구적 해안의 지형적 지역의 전통산업적 국제교통적 특성의 강점을 이용하여 해상관광활성화의 혁신적 전략이 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 부산의 해상관광활성화의 전략을 규명하는 것으로 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 해안과 해상의 환경을 고려하여 해상관광의 거점을 선정하고 거점의 정체성을 규명하여 관광자원으로 개발되어야 한다. 둘째, 선정된 다수의 거점 중에서 핵심적인 관광거점은 외래관광객을 집중시키는 관광터미널의 기능이 필요하고 부산의 랜드마크가 되어야 한다. 셋째, 각각의 관광거점은 관광객이 다양한 해상관광활동을 체험할 수 있어야 하고 특화되어야 한다. 넷째, 해상관광거점은 해상관광루트로 연계되어야 한다. 다섯째, 해상관광의 비수기를 극복하기 위하여 관광거점을 중심으로 겨울관광상품인 실내 스케이트장과 스키장, 해수풀장과 인공해수욕장, 인공잔디썰매장, 인공해안절벽, 해수온천장 등의 관광자원개발이 요구된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.293-302
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• 2010

Pseudodactylogyrus속 아가미흡충에 자연감염된 뱀장어(체중 89.8~96g)를 대상으로 수온 $28^{\circ}$의 사육조건에서 포르말린의 구제효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 아가미흡충의 수적 변화에 의한 포르말린의 구제효과를 조사하기에 앞서, 포르말린의 농도별(0~500ppm) 및 시간별(30분~24시간) 약욕에 따른 뱀장어의 헤마토크릿치(Ht) 변화를 분석하여 포르말린이 뱀장어의 혈액생리에 미치는 독성효과를 살펴보았다. 그리고 Ht 결과를 기준으로 하여 포르말린의 농도 및 처리시간 등을 약욕 처리법을 다양하게 설정한 다음 아가미흡충의 감염농도를 조사하였다. 포르말린에 24시간 동안 약욕한 뱀장어의 Ht는 대조구와 비교하여 100 및 200 ppm에서는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. (P>0.05). 그러나 300~500 ppm에서는 Ht가 유의적인 증가(P<0.05)를 나타내어 이 농도에서는 포르말린의 독성이 뱀장어의 생리기능에 영향을 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 포르말린 100 및 200 ppm 농도에서 24시간동안 약욕한 처리법에서 아가미흡충의 유의적인 감소(P<0.05)가 확인되었다. 한편, 연구자들은 앞선 연구에서 뱀장어에 대한 포르말린의 24시간 반수치사농도($LC_{50}$)를 보고하였는데, 이 때 100 및 200 ppm에서 24시간 동안 약욕할 경우 200 ppm에서는 13.3%의 누적사망률을 확인하였으나, 100 ppm에서는 사망한 개체가 한 마리도 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 포르말린 100 ppm에서 24시간 동안 약욕하는 처리법이 뱀장어에 기생된 Pseudodactylogyrus속 아가미흡충을 효과적으로 구제할 수 있는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.279-289
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• 2019

2018년 연간 애완용품의 온라인쇼핑 거래액은 8,223억 원으로 4% 증가년 전과 비교하여 4배 이상 급증하였고, 반려동물과 관련된 지출액 중 반려동물 관련 패션잡화, 내구재 등에 대한 지출규모가 증가하고 있어 반려동물 용품시장은 성장세를 이어갈 것으로 보고 있다. 이러한 추세에 따라서 본 연구는 반려동물에 대한 애착도가 반려동물 용품 구매속성에 미치는 영향과 구매속성과 만족, 행동의도간의 영향관계를 확인함으로써 성장하는 반려동물 관련 시장에 마케팅적 시사점을 제공하고자 실시하였다. 반려동물을 키우고 있는 사람들 중 반려동물 용품(미용/목욕 용품)을 구매해 본 적이 있는 173명의 응답자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 SPSS 22.0과 AMOS 21.0을 이용하여 확인요인분석과 경로분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 반려동물에 대한 애착도는 반려동물 용품 구매속성인 가격적절성, 품질, 디자인, 평판, 판매환경에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 구매속성과 만족, 행동의도간의 관계에서는 구매속성 중 가격적절성, 품질, 판매환경은 만족에 유의한 영향을 미치나 디자인과 평판은 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 만족은 행동의도에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 반려동물 용품 시장에서는 주인의 선호도에 따른 디자인이나 평판보다는 반려동물의 특성에 따른 제품품질과 가격적절성, 이용 및 접근이 용이한 판매환경을 고려해야 함을 알 수 있다.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제43호
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• pp.441-483
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• 2021

동발[바라]의 유입과정은 인도를 거쳐 중국을 통해 전승된 불교와 맥을 같이 한다. 따라서 인도와 중국불교 속의 동발의 기록을 추적하고, 특히 경전에 수록된 동발과 한국불교 의식문에 수록된 동발의 기능과 활용방법, 전개된 바라무의 성격 등에 대해 살펴보았다. 동발이 기록된 경전 중 번역시기가 가장 이른 경전은 『묘법연화경』(406년)이며, 경전에 수록된 바라는 대부분 동발(銅鈸)이라 표기되었고, 의식 진행 시 법구(法具)로 사용되었거나, 기악공양물, 장엄물(莊嚴物)로 사용되었다. 한국에서 동발이 사용된 것을 확인할 수 있는 가장 오래된 기록은 일본 『서대사자재류기장』(780년)이며, 현재 보존된 유물 중 동발류의 악기가 등장한 최고(最古)시기는 통일신라 초기로, 682년 조성된 감은사 사리함이다. 이 유물로 보아 늦어도 7세기경 사찰에서 동발이 사용되었다는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 청규와 의식문에 수록된 동발(銅鈸)의 기록은 명발(鳴鈸)과 동발(動鈸)로 구분된다. 명발의 '명(鳴)'은 소리를 내는 것으로, 바라를 부딪쳐서 울려주는 것을 말한다. 이러한 명발은 정립(定立)된 규칙이나 방법이 있었던 것을 확인할 수 있다. 동발(動鈸)은 움직임, 동작을 뜻하므로 바라무를 말하는 것으로 보인다. 이와 같이 바라를 울려 소리를 내었던 명발의 개념에 동작이 덧붙여져 동발(動鈸)이 되고, 현재 전승되고 있는 바라무로 발전된 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 한국불교의례에서 전승되고 있는 바라무는 7종이 있으며, 그 성격에 따라 정화의식(淨化儀式), 소청의식(召請儀式), 옹호의식(擁護儀式), 권공의식(勸供儀式), 관욕의식(灌浴儀式), 화의의식(化衣儀式), 기경의식(起經儀式), 찬탄의식(讚歎儀式) 등으로 분류할 수 있다.