• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 영호남학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.21-24
• /
• 2000

Properties of thermoelectric power in PbS thin films by chemical bath deposition were investigated The qualified PbS thin film was gained with the amounts of Thiourea($4-8ml/{\ell}$ ), Triethanolamine (1-2ml) and NaOH(l0ml). The molecular ratio of Pb and S was 3 : 7. Satisfied crystallization rate and deposition rate of PbS were greater at $50^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$. The constant of thermoelectric power in PbS was nearly $ 500uv/^{\circ}k$. The PbS thin film was changed from p-type to n-type semiconductor at around $200^{\circ}C$. In case of heat treatment at $300^{\circ}C$, the sample kept the characteristic of p-type semiconductors up to $250^{\circ}C$.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2000년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.13-16
• /
• 2000

(PbS)$_{1-x}$ -(CuS)$_{x}$ thin films(x=0, 0.5, 1) were grown on glass substrates by using a chemical bath deposition method. The molecular ratio of Pb to Cu for the PbS-CuS thin films(x=0.5) was measured about 7:3 by using EDX and XRF. The resistivity of non-annealed (PbS)$_{1-x}$ -(CuS)$_{x}$ thin films was about 10 $\Omega$ . cm. However, after annealing, the resistivity of PbS showed a little change, while PbS-CuS and CuS significantly decreased in the range of 0.002 to 0.005$\Omega$.cm. PbS was p-type and CuS was n-type.-type.

• 대한응급의학회지
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.500-508
• /
• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of heat stroke in a bath facility and investigate predictive factors of multiple major complications in heat stroke patients. Methods: This was a retrospective study on heat stroke patients who visited an urban emergency center from January 2010 to March 2018. We compared clinical characteristics, complication, and outcomes of heat stroke patients in bath and non-bath facilities. Multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify independent predictors of multiple major complications in heat stroke patients. Results: A total of 67 heat stroke patients with heat stroke were enrolled, of which 42 (62.6%) were in a bath facility and 25 (37.3%) were in a non-bath facility. Patients with heat stroke in the bath facility were characterized by old age, past medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and high incidence of hypotension compared with those in the non-bath facility but also low incidence of acute renal failure, seizure, and multiple major complications. In the multivariate analysis, predictive factors of multiple major complications in heat stroke patients were non-bath facility (odds ratio [OR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-29.9), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)${\leq}8$ (OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 1.3-49.4), and mean arterial pressure (MAP), body temperature above $40.5^{\circ}C$ (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 1.1-58.8) <60 mmHg (OR, 14.8; 95% CI, 1.8-122.9). Conclusion: Heat stroke in the bath facility resulted in less major complications, and high body temperature, GCS ${\leq}8$, and MAP <60 mmHg were independent predictive factors of multiple major complications in heat stroke patients.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.570-575
• /
• 1998

To develop a cotton derivatives with prolonged antimicrobial activities, homosulfamine (Hs) was coupled to cotton xanthate (CX) via chelate bond in the presence of Cu(II) ion by one- and two-bath processes. In one-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II)-Hs solution. In two-bath process, CX was treated with Cu(II) ion solution to produce CX-Cu(II) complex, which was isolated and treated in turn with Hs solution. Effects of concentration, Cu(II)/Hs ratio, and pH on the binding of Hs were investigated at $10{\circ}C$ . In one-bath process, binding of hs took place readily with optimum pH around 5-6. the amount of binding increased to give a maximum within 5 min and decreased slowly to establish an equilibrium withhin an hour. In two-bath process, binding of Hs was much lower than that of one-bath process. Release of Hs from CX-Cu(II)-Hs was investigated by batch and flow method. antimicrobial activiteis of CX-Cu(II)-Hs was investigated by batch and flow method. Antimicrobial activities of CX-Cu(II)-Hs were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and it showed prolonged activity compared to that of free Hs.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.31-43
• /
• 1986

The properties of the electroless nickel deposit mainly depends on the pH of the bath, the plating temperature, and the molar ratio of nickel to hypophosphite but they are also affected by its formulation and concentration of complexing and buffering agents. According to changeing the concentration of triethanolamine and boric acid, phosphorous contents, microsturcture, crystalline, hardness and wear resistance of deposits obtained from ammoniacal alkaline bath were investigated by EPMA, differential thermal analyser, X-ray diffractometer and wear tester. The results are as follows; (1) Increasing concentration of triethanolamine in the bath, the deposits is slightly inclined to increase its phosphorous content(3.7% P). (2) In the as-plated state, the deposits are not crystallized state but they are thermally unstable phase, and they are crystallized with precipitating $Ni_3P$ at 400$^{\circ}C$. (3) The deposit containing 2.3% P has higher hardness value in the as plated and heat treated state at below 300$^{\circ}C$ than those of 3.7% phosphorous deposit (1090Hk). But in the case of heat treating at 400$^{\circ}C$, the former has lower hardness value (1000Hk) than the latter and has remarkably Ni(III) orientation by heat treatment. (4) The 3.7% phosphorous deposit heat treated at 400$^{\circ}C$ has better wear resistance than hard chromium plating.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.177-181
• /
• 2018

We prepared ZnS thin films via chemical bath deposition (CBD) in an aqueous solution of ammonia ($NH_3$) and hydrazine ($N_2H_4$). The composition ratio of hydrazine used was 0%, 17%, 22%, 29%, or 50%. We investigated the effects of hydrazine and ammonia on the growth, and the structural and optical properties of ZnS in terms of surface uniformity, voids, and grain size. We found that during the growth of ZnS films, hydrazine was very effective for improving the surface morphology and layer uniformity with fast layer formation, while it had no effect on the bandgap energy, $E_g$.

• 한국표면공학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.168-175
• /
• 1988

The nickel0zinc allot depositions have been studjen in ammonium chloridw added chloride baths to fine out the effects of ultrasonic irradiation for the electrodeposition processes. The compositions of deposited alloys, the current efficiencies, corrosion resistance and brightness in various conditions of electrodeposition were investigated, in the range of ultrasonic irradiation of 50,500 and 1,000kc/s respectively. The results obtained are as follows; 1. the ratio of nikel to zinc in the deposit increased according 시 the ammonium chloride concentration in irradiated baths. 2. The current efficiencies became also higer in the irradiated bath. 3. Ammonium ions in solution seem to retard formation of zinc hydroxide. 4. The corrsion resistance and brightness of the deposits are dependent upon nickel content of deposits which ranges 10-18%(wt)nickel in the irradiated baths and 11-15%(wt)in ninirradisted baths. 5. The corrosion resistance and brightnes of the deposited are appreciably better in the irradiated baths than in non-irradiated bath with the mole ratio of 3.4(NH+4/Ni+++Zn++).

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2007년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.356-359
• /
• 2007

Continuing improvements in integrated circuit chip density and functionality have mostly contributed toward a very large-scale integrated circuit(VLSI) and display device. In order to test (pass or fail) all of the high integrated semiconductor chip and display device, fine pitch probes are used. Fine pitch probes are manufactured by electroforming process of a Ni alloy in an electrolytic bath. In this paper, we expect that the electric field in bath with the Finite Element Method and applying the FEM result. So, we can obtained the probes that have high aspect ratio of 10 : 1

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 2012

An in-situ optical monitoring method for real-time process monitoring of electrochemical copper deposition (CED) is presented. Process variables to be controlled in achieving desired process results are numerous in the CED process, and the importance of the chemical bath conditions cannot be overemphasized for a successful process. Conventional monitoring of the chemical solution for CED relies on the pH value of the solution, electrical voltage level for the reduction of metal cations, and gravity measurement by immersing sensors into a plating bath. We propose a nonintrusive optical monitoring technique using three types of optical sensors such as chromatic sensors and UV/VIS spectroscopy sensors as potential candidates as a feasible optical monitoring method. By monitoring the color of the plating solution in the bath, we revealed that optically acquired information is strongly related to the thickness of the deposited copper on the wafers, and that the chromatic information is inversely proportional to the ratio of $Cu$ (111) and {$Cu$ (111)+$Cu$ (200)}, which can used to measure the quality of the chemical solution for electrochemical copper deposition in advanced interconnection technology.

• Macromolecular Research
• /
• 제9권5호
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2001

The polysulfone(PSf)/polyethersulfone(PES) blend membranes were prepared by an immersion precipitation method. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) was used as a solvent and water as a nonsolvent. The composition of the coagulation bath and the dope polymer concentration as well as the blend ratio of two polymers were varied. The membrane morphologies were interpreted on the basis of the phase diagram of the PSf/PES/NMP/water system. As the solvent content in the coagulation bath increased in the single polymer system, the number of macrovoids decreased and the morphology was changed from finger-like to cellular structure. In the given bath condition phase separation occurs earlier for the solutions of PSf/PES blend than for those of single polymer. A horizontally layered structure and horizontal protuberances inside the macrovoid were observed for the membranes formed from PSf/PES blend solutions. This peculiar structure formation can be interpreted by a PSf-rich/PES-rich phase separation followed by a polymer-rich/polymer-lean phase separation during the exchange of solvent and nonsolvent.