• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.762-774
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate misconceptions about plate tectonics which spread widely among freshmen at high school with drawing. For this, we chose 6 conceptions about plate tectonics by analysis of 7th curriculum and of 11 kinds of science textbooks. Questionnaire of drawing about plate tectonics were developed depending on them. Data was collected from 134 students who was freshmen at high school in Daegu. The result of this study was as follows. First, In structure of plate, 'upper mantle type' and 'crust type' misconceptions were more than half of the respondents. Second, In distribution of plate, 'cracked earthquake zone type' and 'earthquake frequency type' misconceptions were more than half of the respondents. Third, In formation of ocean ridge at oceanic crust- oceanic crust divergent plate boundary, 'divergence type' and 'collision type' misconceptions were more than half of the respondents. Fourth, In formation of mountain ridge at continental crust- continental crust convergent plate boundary, 'collision type' misconceptions were more than half of the respondents. Fifih, In formation of mountain ridge at oceanic crust- continental crust convergent plate boundary, 'subduction type' and 'fault type' misconceptions were more than half of the respondents. Sixth, In transform-fault at oceanic crust- oceanic crust transform-fault boundary, 'direction type' and 'section type' misconceptions were almost half of the respondents. In this study, students' drawings about plate tectonics showed similar misconceptions. This imply that drawing conceptions can be used by the strong evidence of misconceptions which spread widely among students. Furthermore, this study has a significance that this conclusion is useful to teachers as basic teaching-teaming materials of plate tectonics.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.159-219
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• 2016

Mathematical ability is important for academic achievement and technological renovations in the STEM disciplines. This study concentrated on the relationship between neural basis of mathematical cognition and its mechanisms. These cognitive functions include domain specific abilities such as numerical skills and visuospatial abilities, as well as domain general abilities which include language, long term memory, and working memory capacity. Individuals can perform higher cognitive functions such as abstract thinking and reasoning based on these basic cognitive functions. The next topic covered in this study is about individual differences in mathematical abilities. Neural efficiency theory was incorporated in this study to view mathematical talent. According to the theory, a person with mathematical talent uses his or her brain more efficiently than the effortful endeavour of the average human being. Mathematically gifted students show different brain activities when compared to average students. Interhemispheric and intrahemispheric connectivities are enhanced in those students, particularly in the right brain along fronto-parietal longitudinal fasciculus. The third topic deals with growth and development in mathematical capacity. As individuals mature, practice mathematical skills, and gain knowledge, such changes are reflected in cortical activation, which include changes in the activation level, redistribution, and reorganization in the supporting cortex. Among these, reorganization can be related to neural plasticity. Neural plasticity was observed in professional mathematicians and children with mathematical learning disabilities. Last topic is about mathematical creativity viewed from Neural Darwinism. When the brain is faced with a novel problem, it needs to collect all of the necessary concepts(knowledge) from long term memory, make multitudes of connections, and test which ones have the highest probability in helping solve the unusual problem. Having followed the above brain modifying steps, once the brain finally finds the correct response to the novel problem, the final response comes as a form of inspiration. For a novice, the first step of acquisition of knowledge structure is the most important. However, as expertise increases, the latter two stages of making connections and selection become more important.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.217-225
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• 2004

This study was performed to provide the basic knowledge about the mushroom cultivation facilities. Classified current status of cultivation facilities in Gyeongnam province was investigated by questionnaire. The structure of Pleurotus eryngii cultivation facilities can be classified into the simple and permanent frame type. The simple frame structures were mostly single-span type, on the other hand, the permanent frame structures were more multi-span than simple structures. And the scale of cultivation facilities was very different regardless of structural type. But as a whole, the length, width and ridge height were prevailing approximately 20.0 m, $6.6\~7.0m$ and $4.6\~5.0m$ range, respectively. The floor area was about $132\~160\;m^2$, and floor was built with concrete to protect mushrooms from various harmful infection. The roof slope of the simple and permanent type showed about $41.5^{\circ}\;and\;18.6\~28.6^{\circ}$, respectively. The width and layer number of growing bed for mushroom cultivation were around $1.2\~1.6m$, 4 layers in common, respectively. Most of year round cultivation facilities were equipped with cooler, heater, humidifier, and ventilating fan. Hot water boiler was the most commonly used heating system, the next was electric heater and then steam boiler. The industrial air conditioner has been widely used for cooling. And humidity was controlled mostly by ultra-wave or centrifuging humidifier. But some farmers has been using nozzle system for auxiliary purpose. More then $90\%$ of the mushroom house had the independent environment control system. The inside temperature was usually controlled by sensor, but humidity and $CO_2$ concentration was controlled by timer for each growing stage. The capacity of medium bottle was generally 850 cc and 1100cc, some farms used 800 cc, 950 co and 1,250 cc. Most of mushroom producted has been usually shipped to both circulating company and joint market.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.7 s.85
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• pp.159-163
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• 2005

The propriety between suppliers and demanders in geometric design is very important. Although the final purpose of constructing roads is to concern about the driver s comfort, unfortunately, it has not been considered so far. We've considered the regularity and quickness in considering driver's comfort but there should be considered the safety for the accident as well. If drivers are appeared to be more speeding than designer's intention, there will be needed some supplements to increase the safety rate for the roads. Even if both an upward and downward section are supposed to exist at the same time for solid geometry of the roads like this, it is true that the recent design for the 3-D solid geometry section has been done as flat 2-D and the minimum plane curve radius and the maximum cant have been decided just by calculating without considering operating speed between an upward and downward section at the same point. In this investigation, thus, I'd like to calculate the safety of the cant by considering the speed features of the solid geometry for the first lane of four lane rural roads. To begin with, we investigated the driving speed of the car, which is not been influenced by a preceding car to analyze the influence of the geometrical structure by using Nc-97. Secondly, we statistically analyzed the driving features of the solid geometry after comparing the 6 sections, that is, measuring the driving speed feature at 12 points and combining the influence of the vertical geometry and plane geometry to the driving speed of the plane curve which was researched before. Finally, we estimated the value of cant which considers the driving speed not by using it which has applied uniformly without considering it properly, though there were some differences between a designed speed and driving speed through the result of the basic statistical analysis but by introducing the new safety rate rule, a notion of ${\alpha}$. As a result of the research, we could see the driving features of the car and suggest the safety rate which considers these. For considering the maximum cant, if we apply the safety rate, the result of this experiment, which considers 3-D solid geometry, there'll be the improvement of the driver's safety for designing roads. In addition, after collecting and analyzing the data for the road sections which have various geometrical structures by expanding this experiment it is considered that there should be developed the models which considers 3-D solid geometry.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.51
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• pp.181-201
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• 2018

The cartoon industry in Korea has continued to decline due to the contraction of published comics market and decrease in the number of comic books rental stores until the 2000s when it rapidly started to experience qualitative changes and quantitative growth due to the emergence of webtoon. The market size of webtoon industry, valued at 420 billion won in 2015, is expected to grow to 880.5 billion won by 2018. Notably, most cartoonists who draw cartoon strips are using digital devices and producing scripts in data, thereby overcoming the geographical, spatial and physical limitation of contents. As a result, a favorable environment for the creation of local ecosystems is generated. While the infrastructures of human resources are steadily growing by region, cartoon industries that are supported by the government policy have shown good performance combined with factors of creative infrastructures in local areas such as webtoon experience centers, webtoon campuses and webtoon creation centers, etc. Nevertheless, it is true that cartoon infrastructures are substantially based on a capital area which leads to an imbalanced structure of cartoon industry. To see the statistics, companies of offline cartoon business in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province make up 87%, except for distribution industry. In addition, companies of online cartoon business which are situated outside of Seoul and Gyeonggi Province form merely 7.5%. Studies and research on local webtoon are inadequate. The existing studies on local webtoon usually focus on its industrial and economic values, mentioning the word "local" only sometimes. Therefore, this study looked into the current status of local webtoon of the present time for the current state of local cartoon ecosystem, middle and long-term support from the government, and an alternative in the future. Main challenges include the expansion of opportunities to enjoy cartoon cultures, the independence of cartoon infrastructure, and the settlement of regionally specialized cartoon cultures. It means that, in order to enable the cartoon ecosystem to settle down in local areas, it is vital to utilize and link basic infrastructures. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider independence and autonomy beyond the limited support by the government. Finally, webtoon should be designated as a culture, which can be a new direction of the development of local webtoon. Furthermore, desirable models should be continuously researched and studied, which are suitable for each region and connect them with regional tourism, culture and art industry. It will allow the webtoon industry to soft land in the industry. Local webtoon, which is a growth engine of regions and main contents of the fourth industrial revolution, is expected to be a momentum for the decentralization of power and reindustrialization of regions.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.107-119
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• 2002

Astrocyte, which shares the greatest part of the brain (about 25%), is a land of glial cell that composes the central nervous system along with microglia, ependymal cell and oligodendroglia. It has 7-9nm of fibers in its cytoplasma, which are composed of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. As for the functions of the astrocyte, it has, so far, been supposed that the astrocyte will play a cytoskeletal role in maintaining the structure of the cerebrum, play a role as a blood-brain barrier so that it can induce migration of the neuron in its development and substances in the blood cannot go into the nervous tissue, and a role of immunology and phagocytosis. However, it was revealed today that it will be a role in preventing expansion of injury by attaching itself to the connective tissue such as the vessel and the pia mater when the nervous tissue or the arachnoid is injured. Microcurrent stimulation can control current, on the basis of A unit. That is, with such devices using it, it is possible to sense, from the outside, the injured current(wound current) of the lesion and to change it into the normal current, thereby promoting the restoration of the cells. In order to examine the effects of microcurrent stimulation on the injured astrocytes in the rabbits, this study was conducted with 24 New Zealand White Rabbit as its subjects, which were divided into 8 animals of the experiment group and 16 animals of the control group. After the animals in the experiment group were fixed to the stereotaxic apparatus, their hair was removed and their premotor area(association area) perforated by the micro-drill for skull-perforation with the depth of 8mm from the scalp. In one week after the injury, 4 animals in the control group and 8 animals in the experiment group were sacrificed and examined with immunohistochemical method. And in three weeks, the remaining 4 animals in the control group and 8 animals in the experiment group were also sacrificed and examined with the same way. The conclusion has been drawn as follows : In the control group sacrificed in one week after the injury, the astrocytes somewhat increased, compared with the normal animals, and in the group sacrificed in three weeks after the injury, they increased more (p < 0.05). The experiment group A in one week showed a little increase, but there was no significant differences, but the experiment group in three weeks showed more increase, compared with the experiment group in one week (p < 0.05). The experiment group B in one week showed more increase than the control group or the experiment group A, and the experiment group in three weeks showed more increase than the experiment group in one week (p < 0.05). Among the astrocytes, fibrous astrocytes were mostly observed, increasing as they are close to the lesion, and decreasing as they are remote from it. The findings show that microcurrent can cause the astrocytes to proliferate and that it will be more effective to stimulate the cervical part somewhat remote from the lesion rather than to directly stimulate the part of the lesion. Thus, microcurrent stimulation can be one of the methods that can activate the reaction of astrocytes, which is one of the mechanism for treating cerebral injury with hemorrhage. Therefore, this study will be used as basic research data for promoting restoration of functions in the patient with injury in the central nervous system.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.289-306
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• 2001

This paper seeks to know a out the 'University and College Archives', which are to be established under the provision of 'the Law on the Management of the Institutions', and briefly mention the relation with the library, looking into the concept and backgrounds of archives. The enactment of the law became the ground to establish but there is no practical guidelines on the structure, formation, management, and contents of archives, even worse, people do not know well what the archives is. Therefore, I think so know about academic archives should start understanding basic concept, meaning, and necessities of the archives. In Europe, university archives have been established from 1830s, after the other archives had been established. In America, universities, which had been grown owe to the rapid economic development and the increasing of high educated people, began to establish their archives as a way to invest to improve their being and promote continuing growth. This is to prove their being and value in the society by collecting and preserving records and documents produced in the development of universities. Therefore, university archives can be said that it is the receiving agency for the producers of the university records, researching functional purpose, contents of university records, and relation with other institutions or records. This is the very difference from university libraries as collecting agencies. Nevertheless, university libraries and archives can help each other to activate their functions and improve their positions in universities through cooperating for the policy of digital records preserving and approaching them because the tendency of informationization forces universities to stand on various information resources to serve for routine university works. Each institutions of universities needs archival records due to various reasons. It is especially necessary to preserve and manage archival records to prove the confidence of records.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2013

The results of this research to study forms, structure, changes, symbolic meanings of 16 Hahoe sceneries through analyses of "Hahwaesipyukgyeong" and "Hahwaenakgangsanghaildaedo" are as belows. The coherence of headword is not discovered in 16 Hahoe sceneries, but based on various variables and sense dependence, endemicity with original natural scenes, human's life and phenomena of riverside village are spread in 3km viewing areas within 200m from Gyeonamjeongsa(謙巖精舍) and Okyeonjeongsa(玉淵精舍). As the viewing points of Gyeonam and Okyeonjeongsa are symmetrically facing and separately independent, while viewing angles do not intersect at Wonjijeongsa (遠志精舍) and Binyeonjeongsa(賓淵精舍) because of Buyongdae(芙蓉臺), and crating each independent viewing area, we can see 16 Hahoe sceneries are perfect views by supplementing Gyeonam and Okyeon Jeongsa, as well as points of views from Wonji and Binyeonjeongsa. Meanwhile, as the view point of 16 Hahoe sceneries, Gyeomam, Okyeon, Binyeon, and Wonji Jeongsa are clearly described, and 12 natural sceneries, which are Hwasan(花山), Ipam(立巖), Maam(馬巖), Jando(棧道), Bangi(盤磯), Hoengju(橫舟), and Honggyo(虹橋), among landscape elements of 16 Hahoe sceneries that can be expressed on canvas in the Haoedo are realistically described, there is high possibility that Haoedo is the 'Mental Stroll about Nature(臥遊) of 16 Hahoe sceneries. The belted forest surrounding the village in the painting is assumed to be an erosion control forest, and considering row-expressed trees, the south belted forest may be a different broad-leaved forest from current Mansongjeong(萬松亭) pine forest. In 16 Hahoe sceneries, there is Neo-confucianism tendency, which connects the nature and human life, and moreover prioritize human life than the nature. Especially as seen in the 'Choljae(拙齋)', the pen name of 16 Hahoe sceneries' author park, the 16 Hahoe scenery poet suggests 'Beauty of Jolbak(拙撲美)' based on the simple life that upright classical scholars pursued as the basic emotion. The thinking system shown in the poet is interpreted as Neo-confucianism category including one's sense and emotion depended on natural features or phenomena. Ultimately, 16 Hahoe sceneries are landscape that reflects moral world views of Confucianism scholars who wanted to express ideal thoughts based on natural features and phenomena in reality at Jeongsa in Buyongdae and Hahoe Village.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1999

Lee Je-ma created Sasang Constitutional Medicine from the insight of different congenital formation of Viscera which was based on his own Morpho-Imaganary recognition of human beings. The basic principles to understand human beings are as follows. The first, human beings are morphologically figured based on the human nature. The Second, Morpho-lmaganary recognition was the understanding to all the things including human with the rule of society and the relationships. affairs-mind-body-objects. The Morpho-Imaganary characteristics of Sasang Constitutional Medicine are as follows. The first, Sasang Constitutional Medicine recognize the symptoms and diseases as the aspect of structure and function at the same time. The second, it recognize the symptoms and diseases with the viewpoint of Change.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2003

Purpose: We report upon a web-based system for Patterns of Care Study (PCS) devised for Korean radiation oncology. This PCS was designed to establish standard tools for clinical quality assurance, to determine basic parameters for radiation oncology processes, to offer a solid system for cooperative clinical studies and a useful standard database for comparisons with other national databases. Materials and Methods: The system consisted of a main server with two back-ups in other locations. The program uses a Linux operating system and a MySQL database. Cancers with high frequencies in radiotherapy departments in Korea from 1998 to 1999 were chosen to have a developmental priority. Results: The web-based clinical PCS .system for radiotherapy in www.pcs.re.kr was developed in early 2003 for cancers of the breast, rectum, esophagus, larynx and lung, and for brain metastasis. The total number of PCS study items exceeded one thousand. Our PCS system features user-friendliness, double entry checking, data security, encryption, hard disc mirroring, double back-up, and statistical analysis. Alphanumeric data can be input as well as image data. In addition, programs were constructed for IRB submission, random sampling of data, and departmental structure. Conclusion: For the first time in the field of PCS, we have developed a web-based system and associated working programs. With this system, we can gather sample data in a short period and thus save, cost, effort and time. Data audits should be peformed to validate input data. We propose that this system should be considered as a standard method for PCS or similar types of data collection systems.