• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.689-707
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• 2015

Progressive increase in population causing land scarcity, which is forcing construction industry to build multistory buildings having underground basements. Normally, basements are constructed for parking facility. This research work evaluates important factors which have caused the collapse of pile-anchor system at under construction five star hotel. 21 m deep excavation is carried out, to have five basements, after installation of 600 mm diameter cast in-situ contiguous concrete piles at plot periphery. To retain piles and backfill, soil anchors are installed as pit excavation is proceeded. Before collapse, anchors are designed by federal highway administration procedure and four anchor rows are installed with three strands per anchor in first row and four in remaining. However, after collapse, system is modeled and analyzed in plaxis using mohr-coulomb method. It is investigated that in-appropriate evaluation of soil properties, additional surcharge loads, lesser number of strands per anchor, shorter grouted body length and shorter pile embedment depth caused large deformations to occur which governed the collapse of east side pile wall. To resume work, old anchors are assumed to be standing at one factor of safety and then system is analyzed using finite element approach. Finally, it is concluded to use four strands per anchor in first new row and five strands in remaining three with increase in grouted and un-grouted body lengths.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 1998.08a
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• pp.25-28
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• 1998

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2015

Due to design codes and regulations and the variety of building plans in Turkey, it is very often seen that band-type windows are left for ventilation and lightening of the basements of buildings which are used for various purposes such as workplaces and storage. Therefore when the necessary support measures cannot be given, short columns are subjected to very high shear forces and so damage occurs. One of the precautions to avoid the damage of short column mechanisms in buildings where band-type windows are in the basement is to strengthen the short columns with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP). In this study, the effect of the FRP retrofitting process of the short columns around band-windowed structures, which are found especially in basement areas, is analyzed in accordance with Turkish Seismic Code 2007 (TSC 2007). Three different models which are bare frame, frame with short columns and retrofitted short columns with FRP, are created and analyzed according to TSC 2007 performance analysis methods to understand the effects of band windows in basements and the effect of FRP retrofitting.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

In order t determine blasting sites for the crustal refraction studies in the korean peninsula, seismic refraction profiling was conducted at two sites in the reclaimed land of Seosan. At a quarry for construction material and another site on a rice field 2km east of the quarry, 24 channel refraction profiling of 46m was conducted at a geophone spacing of 2m. Seismic velocity profiles obtained through tomographic invesion reveal that the quarry is regarded as an ideal place for blasting based on the observation that fresh basements with seismic velocities of 3,900 m/s or greater locate approximately 6m deep. On the contrary, under the reclaimed rice field, the basements are weathered more, of slower velocities, and buried deeper than quarry, indicating not an ideal location for detonating seismic explosives of large amounts.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.124-145
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• 1999

Anal Therapy is taken valid compound of herb med and has many kinds of treatments. As one of the anal therapy, retention enema is most common and useful way. This study was performed in order to literatural basements of clinical treatments. we had cleared manifest about the origin and literatural basement of anal therapy, methods of management, classification of indication, clinical application and so forth. The results were summerised as follows. 1. It explained relationships between anus and Ojang-yukbu(五臟六腑), Sibie-geongmaek(十二經脈). But in fact the origin of anal therapy is Milgeon-dobub(蜜煎導法) and Jedamjib-dobub(猪膽汁導法) in Sanghan-jabbyungron(傷寒雜病論) of Han Dynasty. 2. The effect of anal therapy can be reached to the destination through theory of the organism which is called Jung-chei theory(整體論) and local medical action. We can find a little in Naegeong(內經), which is basement of Hang-jang therapy. 3. Anal Therapy have Kwanjaogbub(灌腸法), Guhangbub(灸肛法), Dohangbub(塗肛法), Hoonhangbub(熏肛法), Saekhangbub(塞肛法), Youkhangbub(浴肛法), Jwajeombub(坐점法) e.t.c. 4. Anal Therapy is available when person can't taken by mouth. Its benefits are fast effect and low side effect about liver because it is not taken trough liver mostly. 5. Anal Therapy has been used for the treatment of diseases such as stroke, high fever, pneumonia, ulcerative colitis, prostatitis, renal failure, pelvic inflammation. cancer and so on.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1989

Indoor radon concentrations, measured in 34 houses and various types of underground environments in the Seoul area during February 1988 - January 1989, varied from 0.9 - 9.9 pCi/l. Radon concentrations in basements of the selected homes were about 1.5 times higher than those levels measured in the first floor. The radon level of the first floor in the energy efficient homes are signficantly higher than the conventional homes. Indoor radon levels in the underground pass were higher than any other types of underground environments. Variations among underground environments were much less than for homes, probably because there was less variability in ventilation.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-234
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• 2016

To investigate earthquake responses of structures with basements affected by soil deposits, centrifuge tests were performed using an in-flight earthquake simulator. The test specimen was composed of a single-degree-of-freedom structure model, a basement and sub-soil deposits in a centrifuge container. The test parameters were the dynamic period of the structure model, boundary conditions of the basement, existence of soil deposits, centrifugal acceleration level, and type and level of input earthquake accelerations. When soil deposits did not exist, the earthquake responses of the structures with fixed basement were significantly greater than those of the structure without basement. Also, the earthquake responses of the structures with the fixed basement surrounded by soil deposits were amplified, but the amplifications were smaller than those of the structures without basement. The earthquake responses of the structures with the half-embedded basement in the soil deposits were greater than those estimated by the fixed base model using the measured free-field ground motion. The test showed that the basement and the soil deposit should be simultaneously considered in the numerical analysis model, and the stiffness of the half-embedded was not effective.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2016

This study explored the characteristics, housing deficits and expectations for support programs of low-income renter households in housing poverty in order to provide housing policy development and improvement information. Microdata of the 2014 Korea Housing Survey was utilized as secondary data for this study. A total of 2,508,672 low-income renter households (weighted count) in the bottom 40% income ranks of entire general households living in private rental units were selected as study subjects. The major findings were as follows. (1) One point four percent of the subjects were living in non-house living quarters (e.g., shanties, vinyl greenhouses, container houses, and mud huts), 1.4% were in dosshouses, 9.9% were in basements, semi-basements or rooftop units, and 8.2% were in sub-standard units. (2) Among the households whose housing costs burdens were measurable, 75.7% were found to have housing cost burdens to pay 30% or more of their household income towards housing costs (rental costs and maintenance costs), but only 7.5% of the burdened households received a housing voucher. (3) Eighty-one percent were found to be in a housing poverty status as defined by the researcher; in addition, low-income renter households in housing poverty in Seoul tended to have a greater proportion of households headed by females, the elderly, and be persons with low-education or disabilities. (4) Households in housing poverty showed greater expectations for financial support and/or extended provisions of public rental housing than other low-income renter households.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2006

In order to study unconsolidated sediments upstream of the Soyang Dam, seismic refraction data were recorded along five profiles of 94 m length. Receiver interval and record length were 2 m and 204 ms, respectively. Recorded data were analyzed using the traveltime tomography and delay-time methods in order to reveal sediment distribution in the investigation site. The acoustic basements are buried at approximately 14 m deep and their thickness shallows to southeast approaching to a hill. On the basement, pre-existing sediments deposited before construction of the Soyang dam lies. This sedimentary layer is composed of paleo-soil and sandy sediments. Above this layer, recent sediments comprise the top layer which is believed to have been deposited since the formation of the dam. Average thickness of this uppermost layer is approximately 1.6 m, which is much thicker than in the downstream.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1992

The Sm-Nd isotopic data on the Precambrian gneisses from Gyeonggi and Sobaegsan Massifs are presented and the crustal evolution of the Precambrian basements of the Korean Peninsula is discussed with that of the Precambrian basements of East Asia. Sm-Nd isochron plots on whole rock samples from Sobaegsan Massif give the following ages and initial Nd values. Biotite gneisses: $1.05{\pm}0.07$ Ga with ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}$ (1.05 Ga)= $-12.5{\pm}0.4$ ($2{\sigma}$); granitic gneisses: $1.70{\pm}0.59$ Ga with ${\varepsilon}_{Nd}$ (1.70 Ga)=$+9.5{\pm}6$($2{\sigma}$). Initial Nd isotopic evolution diagram for the Precambrian orthogneisses from Sobaegsan Massif with the Precambrian orthogneisses in northeastern China and Japan reveals the existence of early Archean depleted-mantle in east Asia and suggests the prevalence of nearly common or similar source accountable for these Precambrian gneisses. Such a common source is shown to have LREE-enriched feature and to have been formed from the depleted-mantle in the late Archean of ca. 2.6 Ga. On the other hand, the Sobaegsan granitic gneisses in Korea are concluded to have different evolution history. Our Sm-Nd study clearly discloses that some Precambrian orthogneisses from Korea had evolved from the protolith having the similar or same geochemical properties with the Precambrian orthogneisses in Japan and northeastern China. In addition, crustal formation age of Gyeonggi Massif in southern Korea may be different from that of Sobaegasn Massif.