• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.619-630
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• 2021

Objective : The skull base reconstruction step, which prevents cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, is one of the most challenging steps in endoscopic skull base surgery (ESS). The purpose of this study was to assess the outcomes and complications of a reconstruction technique for immediate CSF leakage repair using multiple onlay grafts following ESS. Methods : A total of 230 consecutive patients who underwent skull base reconstruction using multiple onlay grafts with fibrin sealant patch (FSP), hydroxyapatite cement (HAC), and pedicled nasoseptal flap (PNF) for high-flow CSF leakage following ESS at three institutions were enrolled. We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiological records to analyze the preoperative features and postoperative results. Results : The diagnoses included craniopharyngioma (46.8%), meningioma (34.0%), pituitary adenoma (5.3%), chordoma (1.6%), Rathke's cleft cyst (1.1%) and others (n=21, 11.2%). The trans-planum/tuberculum approach (94.3%) was the most commonly adapted surgical method, followed by the trans-sellar and transclival approaches. The third ventricle was opened in 78 patients (41.5%). Lumbar CSF drainage was not performed postoperatively in any of the patients. Postoperative CSF leakage occurred in four patients (1.7%) due to technical mistakes and were repaired with the same technique. However, postoperative meningitis occurred in 13.5% (n=31) of the patients, but no microorganisms were identified. The median latency to the diagnosis of meningitis was 8 days (range, 2-38). CSF leakage was the unique risk factor for postoperative meningitis (p<0.001). Conclusion : The use of multiple onlay grafts with FSP, HAC, and PNF is a reliable reconstruction technique that provides immediate and complete CSF leakage repair and mucosal grafting on the skull base without the need to harvest autologous tissue or perform postoperative CSF diversion. However, postoperative meningitis should be monitored carefully.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1995.07c
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• pp.1371-1374
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• 1995

It is well known that the degradation of transformer oil conseqently lead to the failure of transformer. This paper discussed the characteristics of the degradation sensor checking transformer oil condition in live line. The degadation sensor is composed of base ring, electrodes and porous ceramic, passed through the transformer oil and checks the transformer oil condition through sensor's leakage current. So it is important to minimize the leakage current of base ring and connection parts. To investigate the leakage current of base ring and connection parts the characteristics of V-T-I and DC 2 KV and other examinations were performed. It is verified that ionized transformer oil caused by the expansion of temperature increases in the leakage current of porous ceramic sensor. It is certification that the leakage current of other parts of porous ceramic is very small(about 2%) compared with the porous ceramic body and it is confirmed that the leakage current in porous ceramic is changed sensitively according to the new oil(NO) and and the degradation oil(DO).

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07c
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• pp.1765-1768
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• 1996

It is well known that the degradation transformer oil is mainly effected to the failure of transformer. In this paper it is discussed the characteristics of the degradation sensor checking transformer oil condition in live line. The degadation sensor composed with base ring, electrodes and porous ceramic passed through the transformer oil and checked the transformer oil condition with sensor's leakage current. It is important to minimize the leakage current of base ring and connection parts. To investigate the leakage current of base ring and connection parts it is examined the characteristics of V-T-I and DC 2 KV and other examinations. It is verified that ionized transformer caused by the expansion of oil temperature increase in the leakage current of porous ceramic sensor. It is certificated that the leakage current of other parts of porous ceramic is very small (about 2 %) than the porous ceramic and it is confirmed that the leakage current in porous ceramic is changed sensitively according to the new oil(NO) and and the degradation oil(DO).

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1240-1247
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• 2008

Leakage trouble on the sea water pipeline in engine room is often resulted from a localized corrosion due to severe corrosive environment caused by both high speed and high pressure of sea water flowing through the inner pipe. In addition, when the ship is in stand-by or emergency condition, underwater welding to control the leakage of sea water from a hole of its pipe is very important in an industrial safety point of view. In this study possibility of underwater welding to control leakage of sea water and corrosion property of its welding zone were investigated with the electrochemical methods by parameters of welding methods and welding electrodes when underwater welding is achieved with a such case that sea water is being leaked out with a height at 50mm from a hole of $2.5mm{\emptyset}$ of test pipe. Corrosion resistance of weld metal zone is better than the base metal and its hardness is higher than that of the base metal. However corrosion potential of weld metal zone showed a negative value than that of the base metal, therefore weld metal zone is preferentially corroded rather than the base metal by performance of galvanic cell due to difference of corrosion potential between weld metal zone and base metal. Eventually it is suggested that leakage of sea water is successfully controlled by underwater welding,

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 1995

The purposes of this study were to compare the bleaching efficacy of sodium perborate when mixed either with Superoxol or distilled water and to evaluate the efficacy of different location of intracoronal base on the presence of apical leakage of tested bleaching agents. Forty eight extracted human permanent incisors were stained via whole blood and canal fillings with conventional gutta percha were performed after routine biomechanical perparations. The experimental intracoronal base was placed either at the cementoenamel junction(group 3, 4) or 2mm below cementoenamel junction(group 1, 2). Walking bleaching was performed by two different combinations of bleaching agents : sodium perborate with distilled water in group 1, 3 and sodium perbrate with Superoxol in group 2, 4. The roots of the teeth were evaluated for the presence of color change to assess the leakage of bleaching agents and the cervical one-thirds of the crown were evaluated for bleaching effect from the whiteness Indea calculated by spectrophotometer. The results were as follows : 1. At the end of 12 days, all the sample teeth demonstrated the increase of Whiteness Index at cervical 1/3 of crown although there were some minor differences among groups. 2. Regardless of location of the base, sodium perborate with superoxol(group 2, 4) showed better results in bleaching than the sodium perborate with distilled water(group 1, 3). 3. Bleaching agent leaked into the root area when the base was placed 2mm below cementoenamel junction but no leakage was found when the base was placed at the cementoenamel junction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.145-155
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• 1993

The purposes of this study were to compare the bleaching efficacy of sodium perborate when mixed either with Superoxol or distilled water and to evaluate the efficacy of different location of intracoronal base on the presence of apical leakage of tested bleaching agents. Forty eight extracted human permanent incisors were stained via whole blood and canal fillings with conventional gutta percha were performed after routine biomechanical perparations. The experimental intracoronal base was placed either at the cementoenamel junction(group 3, 4) or 2mm below cementoenamel junction(group 1, 2). Walking bleaching was performed by two different combinations of bleaching agents : sodium perborate with distilled water in group 1, 3 and sodium perbrate with Superoxol in group 2, 4. The roots of the teeth were evaluated for the presence of color change to assess the leakage of bleaching agnets and the cervical one-thirds of the crown were evaluated for bleaching effect from the whiteness Indea calculated by spectrophotometer. The results were as follows : 1. At the end of 12 days, all the sample teeth demonstrated the increase of Whiteness Index at cervical 1/3 of crown although there were some minor differences among groups. 2. Regardless of location of the base, sodium perborate with superoxol)group 2, 4) showed better results in bleaching than the sodium perborate with distilled water(group 1, 3). 3. Bleaching agent leaked into the root area when the base was placed 2mm below cementoenamel junction but no leakage was found when the base was placed at the cementoenamel junction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1988

The study was designed to establish a more nearly quantitative method for assessing the marginal leakage of dental restorations. 27 Class V cavities with $45^{\circ}$ bevel joint were prepared and classified into 2 groups. One group was filled with Scotchbond and silux. The other group was filled with glass ionomer cement, Scotchbond and silux. After finishing, all specimens were subjected manually to 100 thermal cycles at $0^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ water-bath. They were soaked in a samarium nitrate solution for 3 hours, irradiated with flux of $6{\times}10^{12}$ neutrons/$cm^2$/sec for 11 hours, cooled for 200 hours, counted with the HPGE detector and the tracer uptake was determined by comparison with a standard of samarium (10 ${\mu}g$). The following results were obtained. 1. Both of the two groups showed a considerable amounts of marginal leakage. 2. The group filled without glass ionomer cement base showed more marginal leakage than the group filled with glass ionomer cement base. 3. Neutron Activation Analysis produced a good quantitative method to measure the marginal leakage and samarium was appropriate to measure the marginal leakage of resin restorations using neutron activation analysis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.453-464
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• 1999

The non-vital bleaching technique has been used widely as a very effective treatment method on discolored non-vital teeth. But periodontal tissue deterioration and cervical external root resorption have been reported because of the high toxicity of hydrogen peroxide in bleaching agents. So in previous studies, placement of base over the root canal obturation prior to bleaching has been suggested in order to prevent microleakage of bleaching agents, however, the effectiveness of base is still controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of base and root canal sealer on prevention of leakage of bleaching agents in non-vital bleaching. Fifty-two extracted sound teeth with single root were used. For root canal obturation, Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$(Kerr Co., USA) was used in 39 teeth and in others, AH-26$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc., Switzerland) was used as a root canal sealer. 26 teeth among the teeth obturated with Tubuli seal$^{(R)}$ were divided into two groups, and Dentin cement$^{(R)}$(GC corp., Japan) and JRM$^{(R)}$(De Trey Dentsply, Inc. Germany) were used in each group as a intracanal base. In all teeth, non-vital bleaching using bleaching agent mixed with methylene blue dye was performed and all specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 72 hours. After sectioning longitudinally, the depth of dye leakage was measured with digital vernier calipers under the stereobinocular microscope using ${\times}40$ magnification. It can be concluded as follows: 1. The microleakage of bleaching agent was observed ill all groups regardless of type of the base and the sealer. 2. The microleakage in the groups using AH-26$^{(R)}$ as a sealer was significantly reduced (p<0.05). 3. In the groups with intracanal base, micro leakage was observed through almost the whole depth of the base and there was no significant difference between Dentin cement$^{(R)}$ and IRM$^{(R)}$ group(p>0.05). In conclusion, all the basing materials and the sealers in this study did not prevent the microleakage of bleaching agent. Therefore further studies and attempts to seal off the pulp chamber will be necessary.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.379-382
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• 2002

GaAs has wide band gap, Therefore that malarial can used high Temperature application. in this paper explain to current-voltage characteristics of thermal effect. we experiment on thermal test of current-voltage characteristics and gate leakage current with real device. As a result, we propose a current-volatage characteristics model. that model base on gate leakage current, and gate leakage current influence gate source voltage.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.12a
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• pp.63-68
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• 2002

ADC(Automatic Discharge Connector) is commonly used for the easy maintenance of the submersible pumps. However, the small gap between the flange of the base plate and that of the pipe due to the head rise, the flow momentum change and the mis-installation makes leakage flow that may be a great loss to the pumping system. In this study, the performance degradation was predicted with the simple leakage flow model through the gap. The newly developed ADC was tested and the leakage performance was compared with the old one and also no-leakage piping system. The newly developed ADC reduced the leakage flow in a satisfactory way in comparison with the old model.