• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1800-1806
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• 2008

Cytokines play a central role in the mucosal immune response and are involved in regulation of nutrient absorption, metabolism and animal growth. This study investigated the effect of diet manipulation with specialized protein or peptide sources on expression of cytokine (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-${\alpha}$) mRNA abundance in different intestinal regions and at different ages post-weaning in piglets. A total of 48 (17 days of age, $6.16{\pm}0.34kg\;BW$) weanling pigs were fed either a corn-soy/whey protein basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP), or the basal diet supplemented with $Peptiva^{(R)}$, a hydrolyzed marine plant protein. A fourth treatment group was fed the SDPP diet, but the feed intake level was limited (SDPP-LF). Pigs were killed at 3 and 10 d, and intestinal cytokine mRNA was measured by real-time PCR using the relative quantification method. The SDPP-LF group exhibited an increased TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance compared with the ad libitum SDPP group (p<0.05). The TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 mRNA abundance increased from the proximal to distal part of the intestine, and the mRNA abundance was greater (p<0.01) in the distal intestine as compared with the proximal and middle intestine. The cytokines IL-1-${\beta}$, IL-10 and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance also increased from d3 to d10 postweaning (p<0.01). In summary, restricted feeding increased the TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA abundance in the small intestine, however neither SDPP nor peptide supplementation affected cytokine mRNA expression. Abundance of mRNA for most cytokines examined in this study increased with age post-weaning, suggesting that during 10 d after weaning the mucosal immune system is still under development.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.776-784
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• 2023

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of dietary nontoxic sulfur (NTS) on growth performance, immune response, sulfur amino acid composition and meat characteristics in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 140 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight of 34.73±0.66 kg were used for the 12-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 5 treatments in 4 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. The experimental treatments were as follows (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% NTS levels): i) Control, corn soybean meal (SBM)-based diet; ii) NTS 0.1, basal diet + NTS 0.1%; iii) NTS 0.2, basal diet + NTS 0.2%; iv) NTS 0.4, basal diet + NTS 0.4%. Results: Body weight increased linearly as dietary NTS levels increased up to 0.2% (linear; p = 0.04) in the early finishing phase (9 weeks). During the whole experimental period, body weight and average daily gain linearly increased as the dietary NTS level increased in the diet (linear; both p = 0.01), but quadratic responses in body weight and average daily gain were observed with the addition of NTS 0.4% (quadratic, both p = 0.01). In the late finishing period, the IgG concentration increased linearly (linear; p = 0.01) as the dietary NTS level increased up to 4%. In the finishing period, a linear response was observed as a dietary NTS level was added (linear; p = 0.03), and supplementation with 0.2% NTS resulted in a higher methionine content than the other treatments (quadratic; p = 0.01). NST 0.2% had a lower value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (quadratic; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Consequently, supplementation with dietary NTS up to 0.2% could improve growth performance, amino acid composition in hair and meat antioxidation capacity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.643-646
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted to determine potassium (K) requirement of mule ducklings. One-day-old ducklings with equal number of both sexes were fed diets containing graded levels of K for three weeks. In experiment 1, corn-soybean meal diet (CP 18.7%, ME 2,890 kcal/kg, K 0.80%) was used. The addition of K (0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40%) to the diet by potassium carbonate resulted in a decrease in weight gain and feed efficiency with the group fed on basal diet having the best performance. This means that the existing K in the basal diet is adequate for the growth of ducklings. In experiment 2, low K corn-isolated soy protein diet (K, 0.19%) was used. The supplementation of K (0.00, 0.16, 0.32, 0.48, 0.64%) resulted in an increase in weight gain and feed efficiency with the control group having the lowest performance. The minimum K requirement was found to be 0.49% for both maximum growth and best feed efficiency as determined by using bent-stick model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.225-228
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• 1992

The study was undertaken to determine the effect of various levels of dietary magnesium on the metabolizability of magnesium in laying Tsaiya ducks and Leghorn hens. Twenty-five Tsaiya ducks and 25 Leghorn hens were raised in individual cages. The basal diet was mainly consisted of corn starch and isolated soybean protein. At the beginning of the experiments, birds were fed the basal diet added with 500 mg/kg Mg (1070 mg/kg in total by analysis) for 10 days in order to make the birds adapt to the new diet. Then, they were randomly divided into five treatments with five birds for each treatment and fed the experimental diets containing 690, 1070, 1690, 2150 or 2380 mg/kg Mg for 21 days and during the last five days excreta were collected. The experiment was repeated three times each at the age of 25, 31 and 36 weeks. The metabolizability of magnesium in the diet was determined by the indicator method. The metabolizabilities of magnesium for Tsaiya duck and Leghorn hen were 59.9% and 62.5%, respectively as the diet contained 690 mg/kg magnesium, and were significantly decreased (p<0.05) to 39.7 and 30.7%, respectively when the dietary magnesium content was increased to 2380 mg/kg.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.213-221
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• 1995

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplemental folic acid(FA) in starting broiler chicks. In the first two experiments, basal diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 0.6 mg/kg FA but no supplemental methionine or choline. At 18 d of age, chicks showed curvilinear responses to folic acid supplementation with maximum growth and feed efficiencies at 1.45 mg/kg FA diet. The liver FA response was also curvilinear but reached a plateau at 1.70 mg/kg FA diet. The basal diet for 3 additional experiments contained soybean meal that had been washed with methanol to remove most of the choline. The diet contained only 0.6 mg /kg folic acid and 754 mg /kg choline. Chicks exhibited a larger growth response to folic acid at low choline levels as evidenced by a significant FA x choline interaction. FA supplementation increased but then decreased valgus leg deformity. Choline supplementation also decreased the incidences of valgus and varus leg deformities and decreased bone ash and increased the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia. It is concluded that chicks fed diets based on practical ingredients require from 1.45 to 1.70 mg /kg FA diet and also 1.60 mg/kg FA when choline is offered near the NRC recommended level of 1,300 mg/kg.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2006

Effects of cheonggukjang on immunohistochemical reactions in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of rats were investigated. $CD4^+/CD8^+$ immunoreactive cells of cheonggukjang-fed diet groups were more strongly stained in lamina propria of mucosa and submucosa than those of basal diet group. Universal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive density in colon was mildly stained in surface epithelium and mucous secretory gland, and strongly stained in submucosa and myenteric plexus in muscle layers of all cheonggukjang-fed diet groups. Protein kinase C-${\alpha}$ immunoreactive cells in colons of 15 and 25% cheonggukjang-fed diet groups were more strongly stained in mucosa, submucosa, and muscle layers than those of basal diet group. These results indicate mucosal immune activity, gastrointestinal motility, blood circulation, and physiological activities of enteroendocrine cells in GI tract could be increased with cheonggukjang intake.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 1992

To study effects of wild garlic on components of lipid and protein, blood glucose level, and cholinesterase activity in rat's serum, Sprague-Dawley strain of 40 male rats are divided into 5 groups which are Normal, Control, A, B, and C group. Normal group is fed only Basal diet, and Control group is fed Basal diet and 0.5ml/day of 2.5% cholesterol solution, In addition to a diet of control group, A group is fed 25% wild garlic flour, B group 0.5ml/2day of concentratded wild garlic juice, C group 0.5ml/2day of concentrated ethanol extract of wild garlic, After 8 weesk the rats were fasted for 12 hours, and then decapitated to collect blood. The results of analysis of the rat's serum were summarized as follows, 1. Wild garlic diet, specially ethanol extract has an influence on decreasing the level of total cholesterol and blood glucose in rat's serum, 2. HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid content of rat's serum are increased by wild garlic diet. Therefore I think that wild garlic is good food for preventing development of atherosclerosis and diabetes.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.441-450
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• 2022

This study explored the effects of milk flavor (MF) supplementation on growth efficiency, nutrient absorption, fecal score, and blood profiles in weaning piglets. A total of 80 (21 days old) crossbred ([Yorkshire × Duroc] × Landrace) healthy weaned piglets with an initial body weight (BW) of 7.05 ± 1.22 kg were randomly allotted to one of two nutritive treatments with 8 repetitions and five pigs (2 female and 3 male) per pen. The experiment was divided into 2 phases (d 0 - 21, and d 21 - 42), and the dietary treatments consisted of TRT1, basal diet, TRT2 and basal diet + 1.0 g·kg^-1 MF. At days 21 - 42 and the overall period, the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased (p < 0.05) by receiving the MF added feed. However, MF inclusion did not impact (p > 0.05) the feed efficiency (G : F) throughout the entire experiment. Piglets consuming the MF supplemented diet showed that the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy (E) did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) between the treatments. All through the experiment, the fecal score and blood profile of the piglets fed the flavor diet also remained unaffected (p > 0.05). In conclusion, MF addition to the diet of the piglets increased their body weight and had no adverse effects on nutrient utilization, fecal score, and blood profile. Thus, MF addition could improve the performance outcomes of weaning piglets.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.653-661
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• 2023

Phytase enhances phosphorus availability in pig diets by breaking down phytic acid, which is challenging for animals to digest. This study aimed to assess the impact of dietary phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal score of growing pigs. Sixty-four growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 21.20 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The dietary treatments were CON, basal diet, and PHY, basal diet + 0.0025% phytase. Results indicated a tendency for increased average daily gain in the phytase-supplemented diet group (p < 0.10) compared to the control diet group. The average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the addition of 0.0025% phytase. Furthermore, dry matter digestibility, nitrogen content, and digestible energy were not influenced (p > 0.05) by phytase supplementation. Fecal score remained similar (p > 0.05) in growing pigs fed phytase-supplemented and control diets. These findings suggest that supplementing the diet of growing pigs with 0.0025% phytase may lead to improved average daily gain without adverse effects on nutrient digestibility and fecal score. This implies the potential to enhance growth performance without compromising overall health or digestion in pigs. Further investigations into the optimal levels of phytase supplementation for growing pigs are recommended.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.647-656
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• 2022

The influence of fermented red ginseng (FRG) and red ginseng extract (RGE) on the growth, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of growing-fattening pigs was evaluated in the present study. In total, 120 growing-fattening crossbred pigs with a bodyweight of 21.77 kg (_SE1.88) were allocated to 3 treatments with 8 repeats of 5 pigs (2 boars and 3 gilts) for a 22-week experimental period. The pigs were supplemented with a basal diet (CON group) or a basal diet containing 0.1% FRG or 0.1% RGE. Pigs fed the FRG diet had a higher (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from days 1 to 42 and during the whole period. The apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) was improved (p < 0.05) in the FRG treatment in week 6 and that of DM in week 10. Moreover, the drip loss of the meat from the FRG pigs was reduced (p < 0.05) on days 1, 5, 7, and 9. Taken together, this study revealed that the supplementation of 0.1% FRG in the diet improved the ADG and the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM and N and decreased the drip loss of the meat. However, the addition of RGE did not affect the growth of the growing-fattening pigs.