• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 2018

This paper proposes a quick response (QR) barcode watermarking algorithm in order to improve readability of the QR barcode in a JPEG image. The proposed algorithm embeds a watermark in a wavelet based-low frequency band for watermark robustness, and visually extracts a QR barcode after embedding the QR barcode image with confidential information into the original image via imperceptible watermarking technology. The visually extracted QR barcode watermark uses an approach to authenticate the ownership more easily through a common hardware and software-based mobile barcode reader app. Therefore, the QR barcode watermark may improve the ability to easily detect watermarks efficiently as well as imperceptibility and robustness, which is the main watermark requirement by embedding the QR barcode with watermark text information in a digital image and when compare to conventional watermarks.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.06d
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• pp.227-230
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• 2002

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to decode Data Matrix two dimensional barcode symbology. We employ hough transform and bilinear image warping to extract the barcode region from the image scanned using a CMOS digital camera. The location of barcode can be found by applying Hough transform. However, barcode image should be warped due to the nonlinearity of lens and the viewing angle of camera. In this paper, bilinear warping transform is adopted to wa게 and align the barcode region of the scanned image. Codeword can be detected from the aligned barcode region.

• Journal for History of Mathematics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.103-118
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• 2008

Barcode technology is becoming an essential tool for every companies, and this makes help us to gain time, analysis of goods, an inventory control, a prevention of burglar and so on. In this paper, we have treated about the history of barcode, its error correcting using the check digit, and the present and future of barcode. We wish roles of mathematician on new barcode system which it bring on an economical efficiency and stability.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2014

We consider the visual barcode recognition problem in a noisy video data setup. Unlike most existing single-frame recognizers that require considerable user effort to acquire clean, motionless and blur-free barcode signals, we eliminate such extra human efforts by proposing a robust video-based barcode recognition algorithm. We deal with a sequence of noisy blurred barcode image frames by posing it as an online filtering problem. In the proposed dynamic recognition model, at each frame we infer the blur level of the frame as well as the digit class label. In contrast to a frame-by-frame based approach with heuristic majority voting scheme, the class labels and frame-wise noise levels are propagated along the frame sequences in our model, and hence we exploit all cues from noisy frames that are potentially useful for predicting the barcode label in a probabilistically reasonable sense. We also suggest a visual barcode tracking approach that efficiently localizes barcode areas in video frames. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is demonstrated empirically on both synthetic and real data setup.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.488-497
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• 2012

A DNA barcode based on 648 bp of cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene aims to build species-specific libraries for animal groups. However, it is hard to recover full-length (648 bp) barcode gene from environmental fecal samples due to DNA degradation. In this study, we designed a new primer set (K_Bird), which amplifies a 226 bp fragment targeted an inner position of full-length COI barcode based on 102 species of Korean birds to improve amplification success, and we attempted to identify bird species from 39 avian fecal samples collected during 4 months from Jinan, South Korea. Simultaneously, we conducted a dietary analysis using a universal DNA mini-barcode (Uni_Minibar) from same fecal samples. In silico analysis on newly designed mini-barcode represented that genetic distances were 0.5% in species and 9.1% in genera. Intraspecific variations of 149 species out of 174 species (86%) between Korea and North America were within the threshold (5.3% threshold in this study). From environmental fecal samples collected in Jinan, we identified seven avian species, which have high similarity (99-100%) with registered COI sequences in GenBank. Eight kinds of prey species, such as moth, spider, fly, and dragonfly, were identified in dietary analysis. We suppose that our strategy applying mini-barcode for environmental fecal samples, might be a useful and convenient tool for species identification and dietary analysis for birds.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2012

A barcode is a representative means of cognition. It is either printed on the package of a product or attached to it as a sticker. It is used for the fast cognition of a product at a store. It is considerably cheap to make a barcode. Also, it is possible to read it fast by using a barcode reader. Because of such convenience provided by the barcode, a new system using the barcode as a means of settling payments like a currency or a credit card has been developed. However, due to its characteristics, it is easy to reduplicate, forge or falsify a barcode easily. Therefore, this study focuses on the case of applying the system using barcodes as a means of settling payments without providing solutions for the potential weaknesses. Also, this study suggests various points to consider regarding the creation of safe barcodes as one of the related measures, while providing various methods using additional means of certification other than the one of using barcodes in addition to the way of applying complexity with barcode numbers. Throughout this study, it will be possible to safely establish and operate the payment-settlement system using barcodes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.276-276
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• 2013

Here we report an integrated microdevice consisting of an efficient passive mixer, a magnetic separation chamber, and a capillary electrophoretic microchannel in which DNA barcode assay, target pathogen separation, and barcode DNA capillary electrophoretic analysis were performed sequentially within 30 min for multiplex pathogen detection at the single-cell level. The intestine-shaped serpentine 3D micromixer provides a high mixing rate to generate magnetic particle-pathogenic bacteria-DNA barcode labelled AuNP complexes quantitatively. After magnetic separation and purification of those complexes, the barcode DNA strands were released and analyzed by the microfluidic capillary electrophoresis within 5 min. The size of the barcode DNA strand was controlled depending on the target bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella typhimurium), and the different elution time of the barcode DNA peak in the electropherogram allows us to recognize the target pathogen with ease in the monoplex as well as in the multiplex analysis. In addition, the quantity of the DNA barcode strand (~104) per AuNP is enough to be observed in the laser-induced confocal fluorescence detector, thereby making single-cell analysis possible. This novel integrated microdevice enables us to perform rapid, sensitive, and multiplex pathogen detection with sample-in-answer-out capability to be applied for biosafety testing, environmental screening, and clinical trials.

• ALGAE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.293-301
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• 2020

The applications of DNA barcoding have a wide range of uses, such as in taxonomic studies to help elucidate cryptic species and phylogenetic relationships and analyzing environmental samples for biodiversity monitoring and conservation assessments of species. After obtaining the DNA barcode sequences, sequence similarity-based homology analysis is commonly used. This means that the obtained barcode sequences are compared to the DNA barcode reference databases. This bioinformatic analysis necessarily implies that the overall quantity and quality of the reference databases must be stringently monitored to not have an adverse impact on the accuracy of species identification. With the development of next-generation sequencing techniques, a noticeably large number of DNA barcode sequences have been produced and are stored in online databases, but their degree of validity, accuracy, and reliability have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we investigated the extent to which the amount and types of erroneous barcode sequences were deposited in publicly accessible databases. Over 4.1 million sequences were investigated in three largescale DNA barcode databases (NCBI GenBank, Barcode of Life Data System [BOLD], and Protist Ribosomal Reference database [PR2]) for four major DNA barcodes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 [COI], internal transcribed spacer [ITS], ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain [rbcL], and 18S ribosomal RNA [18S rRNA]); approximately 2% of erroneous barcode sequences were found and their taxonomic distributions were uneven. Consequently, our present findings provide compelling evidence of data quality problems along with insufficient and unreliable annotation of taxonomic data in DNA barcode databases. Therefore, we suggest that if ambiguous taxa are presented during barcoding analysis, further validation with other DNA barcode loci or morphological characters should be mandated.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.1506-1508
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• 2015

A 2D barcode region localization system for the automatic inspection of a long distance logistics objects has been developed. For the successful 2D barcode localization, variance and frequency of the pixel distribution within average 2D barcodes is modeled and the average model of 2D barcode is combined with the corner features detection to localize the final 2D barcode candidates. An automatic 2D barcode localization software was developed with the multiple features mixture method and we tested our system on real camera images of several popular 2D barcode symbologies.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.968-976
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• 1999

Currently, in the most mail automatic processing centers, after facing and canceling, envelope mail is passed through an Optical Character Recognition/Barcode Sorter(OCR/BS) to read the address and 3 of 5 fluorescent(luminescent) barcode is applied. Normally, 30%∼35% of this mail is rejected. The usual reasons for read failure are poor printing quality of address and barcode, script printing and failure to locate the address. This paper describes a verification system of the postal 3 of 5 customer barcode for solving this problem. The certification system of the 3 of 5 customer barcode consists of barcode verification system and postal address database. The purpose of certification system of the customer barcode verifies the postal 3 of 5 customer barcode and tests matching of mail piece postal address, and retrieves postal code.