• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.496-505
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• 1996

In order to improve the qualities of boiling extract the availability of standard compounds was investigated in extract of Scutellariae Radix. The standard compounds used baicalin(1), baicalein(2), and wogonin(3). The availabilities were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) on $C_18$ column. The extract of RS-4(W/V=10g/100m1) showed the highest availabilities as 7.95% of baicalin(1), 1.04% of baicatein(2), and 0.31% of wogonin(3).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.99-103
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• 1997

To develop anticariogenic agents, Scutellariae Radix was tested for its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans OMZ176 which is known as a strong cariogenic bacterium. The antibacterial activity was evaluated with disk plate method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The ethyl acetate fraction showed significant activity. By means of activity-guided fractionation, baicalein and ganhuangenin were isolated as the active principles. The MICs of these compounds were $100{\mu}g/ml$ and $200{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.429-436
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• 1999

A simple, accurate and reproducible Capillary electrophoresis (CE) assay has been developed for the determination of baicalin, baicalein, wogonin and chrysin in Scutellaria baicalensis. Successful separation of these compounds has been obtained in 35 mM phosphate butter (pH 7.0) using a untreated fused silica capillary ($57{\;}cm{\times}75{\;}{\mutextrm{m}}$ i.d.) at $25^{\circ}C$ with the electric field of 19kV. Baicalin, baicalein wogonin and chrysin was separated and detected at 280 nm 13 min. The detection limits of CE were acceptable compared to HPLC. Reproducibilities of migration time and peak area were 0.66~1.11% (within-run), 2.18~3.38% (between-run) and 3.50~4.55% (within-run), 3.97~4.82%(between-run) at CE. The results indicate that CE could be a promising technique for quality and quantity control analysis of Scutellaria baicalensis as a validation method.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.125-128
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• 1988

Geranylation of some synthetic and natural flavones have yielded cytotoxic products against L1210 coll; 5,2´-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-6´-geranyloxyflavone 4$(8.5{\mu}g/ml)$, 5,6-dihydroxy-7-gerenyloxyflavone 9$(2.3{\mu}g/ml)$. 2 has showed the same range of cytotoxicity as the starting material, 5,2´-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-6´-benzyloxyflavone$(17.0{\mu}g/ml)$. The cytotoxicity of 4 was lower than its starting substance, 5,2´,6´-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone $(4.5{\mu}g/ml)$. On geranylating 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone(baicalein, $15.0{\mu}g/ml$) the cytotoxic activity has been strongly potentiated($2.3{\mu}g/ml$ of 9). The presence of at least a free hydroxy group in B-ring of Skullkapflavone II-type flavones. was essential for a high activity. A larger RD-group than methoxy in the B-ring has weakened the activity. The cytotoxicities of baicalein series could not be correlated to their structures.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 1993

Fourteen flavonoids were evaluated for their effects as potential bradykinin (BK) antagonists. The compounds were evaluatd in several in vitro and in vivo (oral administration) systems ; inhibition of BK induced contractions in isolated rat ileum and uterus, antagonistic effects of BK induced plasma extravasation, reduction of acetic acid induced withing nociception and protection from endotoxic shock. Skullcapflavone II (3), baicalein (5), 5-methoxyflavone (11), 6-methoxyflavone (12) and 2'-methoxyflavone (14) showed effects in all the tests although the order of potency were somewhat varied.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.803-809
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• 2009

Recent evidence has revealed the occurrence of an apoptotic phenotype in Candida albicans that is inducible with environmental stresses such as acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and amphotericin B. In the present study, we found that the Chinese herbal medicine Baicalein (BE), which was one of the skullcapflavones, can induce apoptosis in C. albicans. The apoptotic effects of BE were detected by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC and DAPI, and it was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy analysis. After exposure to 4 ${\mu}g$/ml BE for 12 h, about 10% of C. albicans cells were apoptotic. Both the increasing intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulation of some redox-related genes (CAP1, SOD2, TRR1) were observed. Furthermore, we compared the survivals of CAP1 deleted, wild-type, and overexpressed strains and found that Cap1p attenuated BE-initiated cell death, which was coherent with a higher mRNA level of the CAP1 gene. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential of C. albicans cells changed significantly (p<0.001) upon BE treatment compared with control. Taken together, our results indicated that BE treatment induced apoptosis in C. albicans cells, and the apoptosis was associated with the breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.470-477
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• 1995

Flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix possessed a dual function both as an anti-inflammatory agent and an enhancer of cellular activity in gingival fibroblast. The purpose of this study was to evaluate on the toxicity of ethanolic extract from the root of Scutellariae Radix Georgi and its flavonoids, Wogonin, Baicalein, and Baicalin were isolated and purified by the following method. The crude drug was extracted with ethyl acetate and the residue was dissolved in ethyl alcohol. The ethyl alcohol soluble fraction was separated, concentrated, and then chromatographed on a silica gel column. The acute oral LD 50 in rats was determined for EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and three compounds were evaluated with a single oral gavage at three graded dosage levels. The acute intravenous LD 50 was determined with a single intravenous injection via the jugular vein at three graded dosage levels. Groups of 5 male and 5 female rats, 6 week of age at the start of the study, were fed diets containing 3 graded dosage levels for 14 days. Groups of 5 male and 5 female hamster received O.5ml of the test article at once in a day for 5 days to the buccal cheek pouch for two minutes each. The acute oral LD50 for EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix is 1430mg/kg, and for Wogonin 1320mg/kg, for Baicalein 1250mg/kg, for Baicalin 1330mg/kg. The acute intravenous toxicity of EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and its extracts was found to be 27mg/kg body weight No toxic effects were observed in rats fed up to 200mg/kg of EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix, Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin in the diet for 14 days. The acute Mucouse Membrane LD 50 in hamsters was found to be greater than 100mg/kg. These results suggested that EtOH ex. of Scutellariae Radix and its flavonoids are safe for oral care products using limited amount of extract.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2004

Exessive UV radiation causes a lot of problems in our skin. In order to find out the alternative UV absorber that can safely be used in cosmetics, we have screened various natural extracts in terms of their UV absorbing effect. Some natural extracts, which possess antioxidative activities, have also been found to retard the oxidation process in our experiment. Natural compound such as 7-hydroxycymopol, baicalein, etc. could be transformed into adjuvant UV absorber by chemical modification. In cosmetics, its chemical stability against UV radiation, exposure to oxygen and other factors could be improved by using the silicone or W/S type emulsion. The values of MED (minimal erythema dose) were improved to 0.10 ${\pm}$ 0.02∼0.11 ${\pm}$ 0.02 by adding this natural extract into the cosmetic formulations. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that natural extracts could be used as an adjuvant UV absorber, if they are stabilized.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.169-186
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• 1997

Scutellariae Radix has been widely used as oriental herbal medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections in the respiratory or the gastrointestinal tract. In partition experiment for better understanding of herbal medicine with various solvents, baicalein or wogonin have more hydrophobic characteristics than baicalin or wogonoside. Unexpectedly, methylene chloride could extract more for baicalin or wogonoside over other active ingredients. New compound from baicalin is discovered casting frointier area on herbal medicine in the future. Application study with new molecule hydrolyzed from baicalin is on the way for better treatment of the patient against specific disease. The baicalin modified with reaction has been shown weak antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes 308A and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1771. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the baicalin modified compound against those strains were about $600\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In vitro antitumor experiment, $EC_{50}$ of baicalin modified with reaction was more than $300\;{\mu}g/mL$ and $EC_{50}$ of baicalein was $100\;{\mu}g/mL$. Among these compounds, baicalin exhibited high level of antitumor activity. $EC_{50}$ of baicalin was less than $33.3\;{\mu}g/mL$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.150-154
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• 2008

This study was investigated that quality inspection of distributed Scutellariae Radix in Korea. To evaluate the quality of these herbal medicines, we carried out TLC pattern, foreign matter in purity, loss on drying, ash, acid-insoluble ash, oil content, dilute ethanol-soluble, water-soluble, ether-soluble extracts contents, quantitative analyses, residual $SO_2$, individual heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides. To measure contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin, we were quantitative analyzed using HPLC. The average contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin were detected by 13.28 (${\pm}$0.43)%, 1.17 (${\pm}$0.04)% and 0.40 (${\pm}$0.02)%, respectively. Each average contents As, Cd, Hg and Pb was 0.059 (${\pm}$0.054) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.019 (${\pm}$0.010) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, 0.017 (${\pm}$0.057) ppm and 0.242 (${\pm}$0.084) mg ${\cdot}$ $kg^{-1}$, respectively.