• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.763-778
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• 2021

The effect of marination with black currant juice (BCJ) was investigated for their effects on meat quality and content of biogenic amines (BAs) [putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIM), tyramine (TYM), and spermidine (SPD)] in pork belly during storage at 9℃. BCJ was shown to have antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, the pH of pork belly marinated with BCJ (PBB) was significantly lower than that of raw pork belly (RPB) during storage. No significant difference in microorganisms between RPB and PBB was observed at day 0 of storage. However, at days 5 and 10 of storage, volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) was significantly decreased in PBB compared to RPB, and PBB also demonstrated significantly lower numbers of bacteria associated with spoilage (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp.) at these time-points. PBB was also associated with significantly reduced formation of BAs (PUT, CAD, TYM, and total BAs) compared to RPB at days 5 and 10 of storage. These results indicated that BCJ can be regarded as a natural additive for improving meat quality by preventing increased pH, VBN, bacterial spoilage, and inhibiting BAs formation during refrigerated storage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2013

The effect of different phytogenic feed additives on reducing odorous compounds in swine was investigated using in vitro fermentation and analyzed their microbial communities. Soybean meal (1%) added with 0.1% different phytogenic feed additives (FA) were in vitro fermented using swine fecal slurries and anaerobically incubated for 12 and 24 h. The phytogenic FAs used were red ginseng barn powder (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, FA1), persimmon leaf powder (Diospyros virginiana L., FA2), ginkgo leaf powder (Ginkgo biloba L., FA3), and oregano lippia seed oil extract (Lippia graveolens Kunth, OL, FA4). Total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen ($NH_3$-N), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), nitrite-nitrogen ($NO_2{^-}$-N), nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3{^-}$-N), sulfate (${SO_4}^{--}$), volatile fatty acids (VFA) and other metabolites concentration were determined. Microbial communities were also analyzed using 16S rRNA DGGE. Results showed that the pH values on all treatments increased as incubation time became longer except for FA4 where it decreased. Moreover, FA4 incubated for 12 and 24 h was not detected in $NH_3$-N and $H_2S$. Addition of FAs decreased (p<0.05) propionate production but increased (p<0.05) the total VFA production. Ten 16S rRNA DGGE bands were identified which ranged from 96 to 100% identity which were mostly isolated from the intestine. Similarity index showed three clearly different clusters: I (FA2 and FA3), II (Con and FA1), and III (FA4). Dominant bands which were identified closest to Eubacterium limosum (ATCC 8486T), Uncultured bacterium clone PF6641 and Streptococcus lutetiensis (CIP 106849T) were present only in the FA4 treatment group and were not found in other groups. FA4 had a different bacterial diversity compared to control and other treatments and thus explains having lowest odorous compounds. Addition of FA4 to an enriched protein feed source for growing swine may effectively reduce odorous compounds which are typically associated with swine production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.557-562
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• 1996

The effects of diets differing in protein content through soybean meal supplementation on ruminal fractionation of selenium (Se) were studied. A $3{\times}3$ Latin square design was used with three Japanese Corriedale wethers (45 kg average body weight), three periods, and three dietary treatment. The three dietary treatments were : Diet 1, without soybean meal supplementation (14% crude protein, CP); Diet 2, with 10% soybean meal supplementation (16.5% CP); and Diet 3, with 20% soybean meal supplementation (19% CP). All the diets had a Se supplementation in the form of sodium selenite at 0.2 mg Se/kg dietary DM. The Se supplement and the concentrate mixture were fed only in the morning before the hay was given. Daily feeding schedule for gay was set at 09:00 and 17:00 h. On the final day of collection period, ruminal fluid samples were obtained at 0.5, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h post-feeding starting at 09:00 h. Total ruminal fluid Se was markedly higher (p<0.05) in Diet 3 than those in Diets 1 and 2 at almost all sampling time except at 24 h. The proportion of Se in soluble protein to the total ruminal Se was higher (p< 0.05) in Diet 3 (40%) followed by Diet 2 (28%) and Diet 1 (21%). The proportion of free inorganic Se to the total ruminal Se was the reverse, especially after two hours where Diet 1 (p<0.05) was higher than the other diets. Bacterial Se was lower (p < 0.05) in Diet 1 than those in Diets 2 and 3 at any sampling time. The highest was observed at 2 h postprandially in all diets with a value of 421, 556, $655{\mu}g/kg$ bacterial DM for Diet 1, 2 and 3, respectively. No differences (p>0.05) were observed on ruminal pH, ammonia and total nolatile fatty acids although increasing protein supplementation tended to decline the ruminal pH and increase ruminal ammonia. This study concludes that increasing dietary protein content by soybean meal supplementation can affect the ruminal Se metabolism.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 1986

정어리, 갈전갱이, 전갱이 및 말쥐치의 4종(種)의 시료어(試料魚)를 $-3.5^{\circ}C$에서 50일간(日間) 저장(貯藏)하면서 저장기간(貯藏其間)에 따른 Microflora 변화(變化)를 조사하였다. 세균수(細菌數)의 측정(測定) 및 세균(細菌)의 분리(分離)에는 50% 인공해수한천평판배지(人工海水寒天平板培地)로서 도말법(塗抹法)으로 하였으며 분리(分離)한 세균(細菌)의 동정(同定)은 오적(奧積)등의 방법에 따라 행하였다. 저장전(貯藏前)의 신선한 생선에는 피부 $1cm^3$당 $10^4{\sim}10^5$마리의 세균(細菌)이 존재하였으나 저장(貯藏) 22일(日) 이후(以後)부터 $10^6{\sim}10^8$에 달하여 전형적인 생선의 부패취를 발생하였다. 저장기간(貯藏其間)을 통하여 300주(株)의 세균(細菌)을 분리(分離)하였으며 선어(鮮魚)에서는 Pseudomonas I/II, Pseudomonas III/IV-H, Vibrio, Moraxella가 대부분으로 전체(全體)의 87%를 차지하였다. 부패후(腐敗後)에도 이들 균주(菌株)가 주종(主種)을 이루었으나 Pseudomonas III/IV-H, Vibrio, Moraxella가 감소하는 반면에 Pseudomonas I/II가 최우위를 점하였으며 Pseudomonas가 소수 분리(分離)되었으나 저장초기(貯藏初期)에 소멸(消滅)하였다. 비동정균(非同定菌)이 분체(全體) 분리균주(分離菌株)의 9%를 차지하였는데 이중 약 절반이 저장(貯藏) 22일(日)에 분리(分離)되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1466-1478
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• 2021

Objective: Ruminants are completely dependent on their microbiota for rumen fermentation, feed digestion, and consequently, their metabolism for productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the rumen bacteria of lactating yaks with different milk protein yields, using high-throughput sequencing technology, in order to understand the influence of these bacteria on milk production. Methods: Yaks with similar high milk protein yield (high milk yield and high milk protein content, HH; n = 12) and low milk protein yield (low milk yield and low milk protein content, LL; n = 12) were randomly selected from 57 mid-lactation yaks. Ruminal contents were collected using an oral stomach tube from the 24 yaks selected. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used. Results: Ruminal ammonia N, total volatile fatty acids, acetate, propionate, and isobutyrate concentrations were found to be higher in HH than LL yaks. Community richness (Chao 1 index) and diversity indices (Shannon index) of rumen microbiota were higher in LL than HH yaks. Relative abundances of the Bacteroidetes and Tenericutes phyla in the rumen fluid were significantly increased in HH than LL yaks, but significantly decreased for Firmicutes. Relative abundances of the Succiniclasticum, Butyrivibrio 2, Prevotella 1, and Prevotellaceae UCG-001 genera in the rumen fluid of HH yaks was significantly increased, but significantly decreased for Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Coprococcus 1. Principal coordinates analysis on unweighted UniFrac distances revealed that the bacterial community structure of rumen differed between yaks with high and low milk protein yields. Furthermore, rumen microbiota were functionally enriched in relation to transporters, ABC transporters, ribosome, and urine metabolism, and also significantly altered in HH and LL yaks. Conclusion: We observed significant differences in the composition, diversity, fermentation product concentrations, and function of ruminal microorganisms between yaks with high and low milk protein yields, suggesting the potential influence of rumen microbiota on milk protein yield in yaks. A deeper understanding of this process may allow future modulation of the rumen microbiome for improved agricultural yield through bacterial community design.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.561-566
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of cell mass from lysine production (CMLP) as a protein supplement for ruminants. In each experiment, animals were fed a diet containing 40% of forages and 60% of concentrates, mainly composed of rice straw and ground corn, respectively, to meet the maintenance requirements, and the diets were formulated to supply equal amounts of energy and nitrogen among treatments. In order to investigate the effect of CMLP on ruminal fermentation (Experiment 1), three Korean native goats weighing $26.1{\pm}1.4kg$ were allotted into individual cages with a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Each animal was fed one of three protein sources (CMLP, soybean meal (SBM), and urea). Rumen pH, bacterial and fungal counts, volatile fatty acid concentrations and acetate to propionate ratio were not significantly different among treatments. Concentration of propionate, however, was higher in SBM treatment (14.1 mM) than in CMLP (8.7 mM) or urea (9.3 mM) treatments. There was significantly more branch-chain volatile fatty acid production in CMLP (1.9 mM) and SBM (1.8 mM) treatments than in urea (1.3 mM) treatment. The number of protozoa was the highest in urea treatment, followed by CMLP and SBM treatment with significant differences. A metabolic trial (Experiment 2) was conducted to measure in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in Korean native goats fed CMLP and SBM. Two heavy ($35.0{\pm}1.2kg$) and two light ($25.0{\pm}0.9kg$) Korean native goats, caged individually, were used in this experiment. A heavy and a light animal were paired and supplemented with either CMLP or SBM. The animals fed CMLP showed a trend of lower total tract digestibility in all the nutrients measured; however, there was no statistical significance except for digestibility of ether extract. Nitrogen digestibility of CMLP was estimated to be about 7% units lower than that of SBM. There was a tendency for lower nitrogen retention in CMLP treatment (35.9%) compared to SBM treatment (42.3%). In summary, CMLP can be a good protein source for ruminant animals from nutritional and economic perspectives and may replace some, if not all, of SBM in a diet without losing nitrogen utilization efficiency. Further research is warranted for investigating the effect of CMLP fed with easily fermentable forage and the effective level of CMLP for replacing SBM.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2007

본 연구의 목적은 김치에 분말상태의 녹차를 첨가하고, 김치에 첨가된 녹차가 젖산균의 산생성과 생육, 관능적특성 및 몇 가지 휘발성냄새성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하는 것이다. 김치 제조원료에 분말녹차를 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 1.2%(w/w)의 농도로 첨가하였다. pH는 녹차의 첨가농도가 증가함에 따라 비숙성시료와 숙성1일에는 약간 증가하였으나, 숙성2일과 숙성3일에는 보다 현저하게 증가하였다. 산도는 녹차의 첨가농도가 증가함에 따라 비숙성시료와 숙성1일에는 대체적으로 증가하였으나, 숙성2일과 숙성3일에는 대체적으로 감소하였다. 한편 녹차의 첨가로 젖산균수는 대체적으로 큰 변화가 없었다. 전반적인 기호도, 맛, 냄새는 녹차 0.2% 또는 0.4% 첨가시료가 다른 시료보다 관능성이 우수하였고, 조직감은 숙성2일 또는 숙성3일시료의 경우 녹차의 첨가농도가 높을 때 관능성이 저하되었다. 색상은 녹차의 첨가농도가 증가할수록 관능성이 저하되었다. 비숙성시료에 비하여 숙성시료에서 diallyl sulfide와 methyl trisulfide가 새로이 생성되었으며, 일부의 냄새성분 함량은 숙성과정 중에 증가하거나 변화를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2001

The effect of dietary supplementation of sodium salt of isobutyric acid in low protein (10% CP) wheat straw based diet on nutrient utilization and rumen fermentation was studied in ruminally fistulated male crossbred cattle. The study included a 7 day metabolism and a 3 day rumen fermentation trials. The cattle were distributed into two equal groups of 4 each. The animals of control group were fed a basal diet consisting of wheat straw, concentrate mixture and green maize fodder in 40:40:20 proportion whereas branched chain volatile fatty acid (BCFA) supplemented group received a basal diet + isobutyric acid at 0.75 percent of basal diet. The duration of study was 36 days. The feed intake between experimental groups did not differ significantly and the average total DMI (% BW) was 2.01 and $2.28kg\;day^{-1}$ in control and BCFA supplemented diets. The dietary supplementation of BCFA improved (p<0.05) the DM, OM, NDF and cellulose digestibility by 4.46, 6.63, 10.57 and 11.31 per cent over those fed control diet. The total N retention on BCFA supplementation was improved (p<0.01) due to decreased (p<0.05) urinary N excretion. The concentrations of ruminal total N was 37.07 and $34.77mg\;100ml^{-1}$ in control and BCFA fed groups, respectively. Dietary supplementation BCFA significantly (p<0.01) reduced the ruminal ammonia N concentration as compared to control and the mean values ($mg\;100ml^{-1}$) were 13.18 and 9.42 in control and BCFA fed groups. The total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (101.14 mM) than the control (93.05 mM). Among the VFAs, the molar proportion of acetate was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA supplemented group (71.07 mM) as compared to control (64.98 mM). However, the concentration of propionate and butyrate remained unchanged. Amino acids composition of bacterial hydrolysates was similar in both the groups. Ruminal outflow rate of liquid digesta was higher (p<0.01) in BCFA fed group ($67.56l\;day^{-1}$) than control ($52.73l\;day^{-1}$). It is concluded that the dietary supplementation of Na-salt of isobutyric acid in low protein diet improved the nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.666-672
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• 2002

속성 어간장을 제조하기 위해 동결된 멸치를 분쇄, 가열 및 여과하여 Protease로 가수분해한 후 코지, 식염을 가한 것을 시료A로 하고 여기에 젖산, 솔비톨, 에칠알콜을 가한 것을 시료B로 하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 35일간 발효하면서 1주일 간격으로 분취해서 성분변화, 세균 flora 및 관능검사를 행한 결과는 다음과 같다. pH와 TMAO는 발효기간이 경과됨에 따라 감소하였고 TMA와 VBN은 증가하였다. 분리균의 세균 flora 는 Lactobacillus sp.가 A,B시료에서 각각 $70{\sim}71%$ Bacillus sp.가 $13{\sim}18%$로 이 두종이 우점종이였다. 총 유리아미노산은 A시료에서 발효 28일째 9.731 mg/100g 중 alanine, tyrosine, valine, methionine 순으로 총 유리아미노산의 38%, B시료에서는 5,559 mg 중 glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, leucine 순으로 40% 검출되었다. 총 비휘발성 유기산은 A,B시료에서 발효 28일째 각각 4,295, 4,075 mg/100g 으로 양 시료 모두 lactic acid가 76%로 가장 높았고 그 다음으로 propionic acid, acetic acid 순이였다. 핵산관련물질은 A,B시료에서 발효 28일째 각각 54, 51 mg/100g 중 hypoxantine이 각각 93, 96%, inosine이 7.2, 4.0%였다. 관능검사 결과는 맛, 냄새, 색택 등으로 보아 발효 28일째가 가장 우수하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.268-277
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• 1987

재료(고추가루, 파, 마늘, 생강)를 달리하여 담근 김치를 $20^{\circ}C$에서 숙성시키면서 호기성 생균수와 성분 함량 변화 및 관능검사를 실시하였다. 호기성 생균수는 숙성이 진행되면서 급격히 감소하다가 숙성 2일후에는 완만한 변화를 보였다. 염도는 $1.8{\sim}2.0%$이었으며 적정 산도는 1일째는 고추가루 무첨가군과 파 무첨가군이, 5일 이후에는 마늘 무첨가군이 낮았다. 총당 함량은 숙성이 진행되면서 $1.8{\sim}2.7g/100g$에서 $0.8{\sim}1.1g/100g$으로 점차 감소하였다. 이산화탄소 함량은 고추가루 무첨가군과 생강무첨가군이 비교적 높게 유지되었다. 휘발성 유기산 함량은 시료나 숙성에 따른 차이가 없었다. 숙성 전기간을 통해 외관은 고추가루 무첨가군이 유의적으로 나빴으며 탄산미는 생강 무첨가군이 유의적으로 좋았고, 조직감과 이취는 마늘 무첨가군이 가장 나빴다. 종합적인 맛을 생장 무침가군이 가장 좋았고 마늘 무첨가군이 가장 나쁘게 평가되었다.