• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2008

Macrolide antimicrobial agents including erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children. Newer macrolides that have structural modifications of older drug erythromycin show improved change in the spectrum of activity, dosing, and administration. However, recent studies reported that increasing use of macrolide antibiotics is the main force driving the development of macrolide resistance in streptococci. In particular, azithromycin use is more likely to select for macrolide resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae than is clarithromycin use, a possible reflection of its much longer half life. Recently, erythromycin resistance rates of S. pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes are rapidly increasing in Korea. Two main mechanisms of acquired macrolide resistance have been described, altered binding site on the bacterial ribosome encoded by the ermB gene and active macrolide efflux pump encoded by the mef gene. Relationship between the susceptibility of S. pneumoniae and the response to macrolides has been shown in studies of acute otitis media, but less clear in cases of pneumonia. This article reviews the spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic properties, mechanisms of action and resistance, and clinical implication of resistance on the treatment of respiratory tract infections in children.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1849-1855
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• 2015

Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia, and wound infections. Here, we demonstrate that Lactobacillus plantarum extracts inhibited S. aureus-induced cell death of a human epithelial cell line, HT-29. In particular, we have shown that S. aureus-induced cell death was abolished by neutralization of α-toxin, indicating that α-toxin is the major mediator of S. aureus-induced cell death. DNA fragmentation experiment and caspase assay revealed that the S. aureus-induced cell death was apoptosis. L. plantarum extracts inhibited the generation of effector caspase-3 and the initiator caspase-9 in S. aureus- or α-toxin-induced cell death. Moreover, expression of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was activated in L. plantarum extract-treated cells as compared with the S. aureus- or α-toxin-treated only cells. Furthermore, S. aureus-induced apoptosis was efficiently inhibited by lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan of L. plantarum. Together, our results suggest that L. plantarum extracts can inhibit the S. aureus-mediated apoptosis, which is associated with S. aureus spreading, in intestinal epithelial cells, and may provide a new therapeutic reagent to treat bacterial infections.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.69-73
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• 2002

There have been few reports on the survey of pathological findings of cetaceans stranded on the coast of Japan. This is partly because of lack of the procedures and/or network of systemic sampling of fresh tissues for the pathological study of stranded marine mammals. In contrast, there are a numbers of reports on the cause of illness and death in wild, free-living cetaceans examined in other countries; the commonest cause of death was parasitic and bacterial pneumonia except for entanglement in fishing gear. Anthracosis, lung and hilar lymph nodes polluted by suspended particulate matter in the air, has been recently found in some cetaceans stranded on the coast of Japan. In addition to the data from the chemical analysis of tissues, scientific data obtained from pathological study of stranded marine mammals would be also one of the useful base for the assessment of global environment. Usefulness of metallothionein in the hepatopancreas of crabs as a biomarker of marine pollution monitoring was also discussed in this study.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 2002

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute renal failure in children and is comprised of the combination of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Atypical HUS, rare in childhood, has worse prognosis than that of typical HUS and is associated with chemotherapy drug, other bacterial (especially Streptococcus pneumoniae) or viral infections, and so on. We report a case of HUS caused by pneumococcal infection in 4-year-old boy. While he was admitted with pneumonia and pleural effusion, pneumococcal infection could be revealed. Although HUS progressed rapidly, he immediately received 3-time hemodialysis and recovered completely after two weeks.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.1 s.258
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• pp.85-89
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• 2006

Good's syndrome (thymoma with immunodeficiency) is a rare cause of combined B and T cell immunodeficiency in adults. The clinical characteristics are increased susceptibility to bacterial infection and opportunistic viral and fungal infections. The most consistent immunological abnormalities are hypogammaglobulinemia and reduced or absent B cells. This syndrome should be treated by resecting the thymoma and replacing the immunoglobulin to maintain adequate IgG values. The author experienced one case of Good's Syndrome. The patient was a 64-year-old female who had a history of frequent sinopulmonary infection. Chest CT showed Pneumonia and anterior mediastinal mass and PCNB was taken and biopsy result was thymoma. She received thymectomy and replacement of immunoglobulin to control hypogammaglobulinemia.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.427-432
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of pneumonic bacteria in lungs and nasal swabs of cattle with respiratory diseases. From 95 pneumonic lungs of slaughtered cattle, 41 (43.2%) positive lungs were yielded with 54 pneumonic bacteria, which corresponded to P. multocida (n = 34), A. pyogenes (n = 14) and P. haemolytica (n = 6). One-hundred sixty seven pneumonic bacteria were isolated from 195 nasal swabs in calves, 64.7% (108 isolates) belonged to P. multocida, 16.2% to A. pyogenes, 13.8% to P. haemolytica and 5.4% to H. somnus. Fifty percents (n = 6) of isolates from pneumonic lungs of calves were identified as P. multocida. All isolates of P. multocida belonged to type A according to hyaluronidase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that most isolates of P. multocida and P. haemolytica were sensitive to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, fluorophenicol and norfloxacin. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Pasteurella spp. observed in this study, however, might limit such application. According to histopathological examination, pneumonia by mycoplasma or/and bacteria accounted for 92.8% among 69 pneumonic lungs of slaughtered cattle.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 2005

Streptococcus pmeumoniae is the leading cause of pneumonia and bacterial meningitis. The current polysaccharide vaccine has been reported ineffective in elderly adults and children less than 2 years of age. Thus, in recent many researchers have been focused on a different approach, DNA vaccine. In our laboratory we developed a Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA (SPDNA) vaccine. This SPDNA vaccine was formulated by inserting the region encoding part of the capsule in the S. pneumoniae into the LAMP-1. In present work, with use of the SPDNA vaccine we attempted to establish a certain methodology useful for evaluation of effectiveness and immunoresponse of a DNA vaccine. Results showed that the subcutaneous route was the most effective for production of antisera specific for S. pneumoniae in mice. By isotyping analyses, IgM, IgGl, IgG2a, and IgG2b were determined. In addition, INF-$\gamma$ and IL-4 were predominantly detected. Combination of those data resulted in a pattern of IgGl < IgG2a=IgG2b and INF$\gamma\>$ >IL-4, which indicates the inmmunity towards the Thl response predominantly; furthermore, the SPDNA vaccination induced resistance of the CD4+T lymphocyte-depleted mice against disseminated pneumococcal infection. These data appear to be possibly due to activation of CDS8+T cell-activation. Taken together, this methodology can be applied for evaluating efficacy and mode of action of a DNA vaccine as minimum critera.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.960-968
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• 2011

A series of isonicotinyl hydrazones and their 4-thiazolidinones have been synthesized by condensation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide with various aromatic aldehydes to yield Schiff's bases, followed by the cyclocondensation of Schiff's bases with 2-mercaptoacetic acid to yield their 4-thiazolidinones. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by their elemental, analytical and spectral studies. All these compounds were evaluated for their invitro antimicrobial activity against a spectrum of non-resistant and resistant microbial organisms. These studies proved that compounds 5e,i against B. subtilis; 5e,f,h against B. anthracis; 5g,i against S. aureus showed good activity at lower concentrations. Compounds 5d-5i displayed significant activity against resistant strain of K. pneumonia with minimum inhibitory potency in the concentration range of 2-16 ug/ml.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.20-25
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• 2013

Background & Objectives: Burn injury mortality and septic complication are frequent and well-known in burned pediatric patients. The overuse of antibiotics is the base for development of wound infection by resistant microorganisms as well as opportunist agents. Methods: We have carried out a study of the bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance clinically important bacteria isolated from burn wound infections in children patients. The most common isolate from burn wound cultures was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.8%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25.4%), Acinetobacter baumannii (12.7%), coagulase negative staphylococcus (12.0%), Enterococcus faecium (7.7%), Escherichia coli (4.9%), Enterococcus faecalis (3.7%), Burkholderia cepacia (3.0%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.3%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (2.3%). Colistin was very significantly effective drug in gram negative organism, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Results & Conclusion: The resistance rates were 65% and 98% to piperacillin, 63% and 97% to ceftazidime, 28% and 50% to levofloxacin. The most effective antibiotic in gram positive organism, such as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase negative staphylococcus were moxifloxacin. The resistance rates were 83% and 64% to ciprofloxacin, 80% and 17% to clindamycin.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.75-78
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• 2019

It is difficult to differentiate acute skin failure (ASF) from pressure ulcer (PU). ASF is defined as unavoidable injury resulting from hypoperfusion caused by severe dysfunction of another organ system. We describe a case of ASF mistaken as PU that resulted in a legal dispute. A 74-year-old male patient was admitted to our intensive care unit with sepsis due to bacterial pneumonia. Despite the use of air cushions and regular position changes, skin ulcerations occurred over his occiput, back, buttock, elbow, and ankle. After improvement in his general condition, he was transferred to the department of plastic and reconstructive surgery. Debridement was performed immediately, followed by conservative treatment (including a vacuum-assisted closure device) for 6 weeks. The buttock and occiput wounds were treated surgically. Despite complete healing, his caregivers sued the hospital for failing to prevent PU formation. ASF is a pressure-related injury resulting from hemodynamic instability due to organ system failure. Unlike PU, ASF may occur despite the implementation of all appropriate preventive measures. Furthermore, misdiagnosis of ASF as PU can lead to litigation. Therefore, it is critical for the proper diagnosis to be made quickly, and for physicians to explain that ASF occurs despite proper preventative treatment.