• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance applied in various directions on lower extremity muscle activity and balance during squat exercise performance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-one adults (19 males and 22 females) agreed to the study purpose and procedures. All subjects randomly performed squat exercises with an intensity of overcoming 10% of body weight resistance pulled forward, backward and general squats with $60^{\circ}$ of knee joint flexion. Electromyography was used to measure muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis oblique (VLO), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) muscles. The Wii Balance Board was used to assess balance during the three-method squat operation. Each operation was measured three times for 10 seconds. Results: There were significant differences in muscle activities of the VMO, RF, VLO, ST and balance ability with the application of three directions of resistance (p<0.05). Post hoc comparisons revealed that squats performed with resistance pulled in the backward direction resulted in higher VMO, RF and VLO activity than with the resistance placed in a pulled forward direction (p<0.05). In the ST, resistance applied in the pulled forward direction showed greater muscle activity compared to the pulled backward direction (p<0.05). With balance, squats performed with resistance pulled in the forward direction showed greater muscle activity than with resistance applied in the pulled backward direction and during general squat performance (p<0.05). Conclusions: In this study, squat exercises performed with resistance applied in the direction of pulling backwards was found to be the most effective in improving quadriceps muscle strength and balance. It is effective to provide resistance that is placed in the forward when it is difficult to perform a general squat due to weakness of the quadriceps.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

Background: The requirements for postural and motor control in backward walking training (BWT) may improve balance and walking speed in patients with acute stroke. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of BWT on balance, balance confidence, and fall efficacy in this population. Design: Randomized controlled pilot trial. Methods: This study included 14 subjects with acute stroke (onset of illness less than one month). They were randomly allocated to a BWT (n=7) or forward walking training (n=7) group and observed five times in a week for a period of two weeks. Measurements were taken before and after the experiment using the Berg balance scale (BBS), Activities-specific balance confidence scale (ABC), and Fall efficacy scale (FES). Results: The BBS, ABC and FES scores obtained in both groups after the experiment were significantly higher than those before the experiment (p<0.05). In addition, the BBS, ABC, and FES scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that BWT improved balance and balance confidence and decreased the risks of fall in patients with acute stroke. Further study is needed to better understand the effects of backward walking in acute stroke patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.363-367
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• 2016

A test section of a supersonic wind tunnel was designed for the analysis of flow characteristics over a backward-facing step with Mach 1.0 slot injection in a supersonic flow of Mach 2.5. The cavity flow of a high-speed vehicle is very complex at supersonic speed, so it is necessary to do experiments using supersonic wind tunnels to verify numerical analysis methods. The previous 2D symmetrical nozzle was replaced with an asymmetrical nozzle. The inviscid nozzle contour was designed using Method of Characteristics (MOC), and the boundary layer thickness correction was reflected by experimental data from the wind tunnel. The results were compared with a CFD analysis. The PID control system was changed to be based on the change of tank pressure. This improved the control efficiency, and the run times of supersonic flow increased by about 1 second. The flow characteristics over a backward facing step with slot injection were visualized by a Schlieren device. This equipment will be used for an experimental study of the film cooling effectiveness over a cavity with various velocities, mass flows, and temperatures.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2014

Objective: In the present study, the effects of progressive body weight support treadmill forward & backward walking training (FBWT), progressive body weight support treadmill forward walking training (FWT), and progressive body weight support treadmill backward walking training (BWT), and on stroke patients' ambulatory abilities were examined. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 36 chronic stroke patients were divided into three groups with 12 subjects in each group. Each of the groups performed one of the progressive body weight supported treadmill training methods for 30 minute, six times per week for three weeks, and then received general physical therapy without any other intervention until the follow-up tests. For the assessment of the step length, total double support, cadence, gait were measured using optogait and the 10-m walk test (10MWT), 6 minutes walk test (6MWT). Results: In the within group comparisons, all the three groups showed significant differences between before and after the intervention (p<0.05). In the comparison of the three groups, there were significant differences among the three groups in stride length, double limb support stance, cadence, 10MWT, and 6MWT in the third week, and only in stride length, 10MWT, and 6MWT test in the sixth week (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study verified that progressive body weight-supported treadmill gait training positively affected the gait ability of stroke patients in an actual gait environment. It also showed that FBWT group was more effective than FWT group and BWT group training.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.355-361
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• 2012

Though a micro pump is a crucial element in miniaturized bio-fluidic systems or drug delivery systems, it has some intrinsic disadvantages such as backward flow, pulsation of flow, low repeatability and producibility, and high cost. To overcome these limitation, a PZT disc actuated micro pump including a novel ring-shaped multi-flap check valve is introduced. To enhance the performance of the micro pump, the static behaviour of flap valve module and the micro fluidic behavior of fluids are numerically modelled and analyzed. As results of the numerical analysis, the optimal dimension and configuration of the ring-shaped multi flap valve are $1{\times}0.05$ mm and 2 (inlet side)${\times}1$ (outlet side) type. The obtained maximum flow rates and flow resolution are about 90 ml/min and 30 ${\mu}l$/stroke respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to design Jugori model compatible with the body types of the middle-aged women especially from 40 to 59 years old. The result is as follows: We decided five items as the necessary items for designing jugori model : the bust girth (the breast & shoulder width), the B.P length, the neck width, the armhole circumference, and Hwa-jang. The breast & shoulder width are the size that comes out if the bust is divided by the breast & shoulder width on the basis of the side line, and Hwa-jang is a length measured with arms stretched out to 0° direction. With each person's physical characteristics considered, the application of the size of each body types and body parts is as follows: 1. The breast & shoulder width (1/4 portion) : We decided B/4+2cm as a standard size and, we adjusted the extra room on the basis of the discrepancy between the breast width and the shoulder width to make it fit well to the each body type. For the breast width (1/2 portion), we bisected the difference between the breast width and the shoulder width of the bust, and moved Gut-sup to the center of the Sup and Sup-sun for An-sup. According to the body type, the movement of the Sup for the people with big breasts gets bigger because there should be a big difference between the breast width and the shoulder width for them, and for the people with small breasts the movement will be relatively smaller. For the shoulder width (1/2 portion), we curved the back center line after we shortened as much as the difference between the amount of the shoulder width/2+1cm and of B/4+2cm. The movement of back center line will be bigger for a person with leaned-backward body type. 2. The front & back length: We made the front length to B.P length+2.5cm to have Jugori cover the breast point fully around the bust line, which is a vogue nowadays. For an upright body type, we decided the back length as (AH/2.2)+5cm. And for a bent-forward and a leaned-backward body type, we adjusted the calculation formulae differently taking the physical characteristics into account. We decided the back length (A) as (A.H/2.2)+5cm, and the front length (B) as the back length+5cm. So, (A+B) is the sum of the front length and the back length. Going back to the original formula, the front length is B.P+2.5cm. So, we can decide the back length if we subtract B.P+2.5cm from the sum of the front length and the back length. To make well-fit Jugoris, the front & back length are areas that we should pay attention to if we take each person's physical characteristics into consideration. 3. Go-dae (1/2 portion) : We decided Go-dae as the neck width/2+0.5cm. For an upright body type, because the base line which went down vertically from the tragion was straight, we generally decided Go-dae Dalim line as 1.0cm. But we decided Go-dae Dalim line down to 1.5cm for bent-forward type and up to 0.2cm for leaned-backward type because the upper half of the body of them was bent forward or leaned backward from the base line. 4. The armhole : We decided the armhole circumference as A.H/2+2cm with the whole extra room of 4cm. 5. The side line length : We can calculate the side line length to (the back length-the armhole)/2, and, in terms of the trend, 2.5cm will be appropriate.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-102
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the teaching methods used in inclusive music classes at elementary schools by of music in elementary school inclusive classes through the application of understanding by design and differentiated instruction, and to explore the feasibility of inclusive education. To this end, based on the 2.0 version of the backward design template, a unit for music lessons for 3rd and 4th grade inclusive classes was developed. The unit presented elements of differentiated instruction that considered students with intellectual disabilities at each stage. In the first stage, goals and essential questions were presented by analyzing the curriculum's achievement standards. In the second stage, a performance task was developed using the GRASPS technique, guidelines and examples were presented. Various evaluation methods based on students' readiness, interest, and learning type were suggested. In the third stage, the unit's seven lessons were planned using the WHERETO model. Examples of differentiated instruction for students with intellectual disabilities were presented by flexibly using classroom elements. This study indicated that understanding by design and differentiated instruction can be applied to inclusive education. Future studies on more diversified educational design and strategies are needed for promoting inclusive education.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2015

A safety vent is crucial to protect its user from unpredictable explosions caused by increasing internal pressure of the lithium-ion batteries. In order to prevent the explosion of the battery, a safety vent rupture is required when the internal pressure reaches a critical value. In conventional manufacturing, the cap plate and the safety vent are fabricated separately and subsequently welded to each other. In the current study, a manufacturing process including a backward extrusion and coining process is suggested to produce an integral safety vent which also has the benefit of increasing production efficiency. FE simulations were conducted to predict the rupture pressure and to design the safety vent using a ductile fracture criterion and the element deletion method. The critical value, C, in the ductile fracture criterion was obtained from uniaxial tensile tests with an annealed sheet of 1050-H14 aluminum alloy. Rupture tests were preformed to measure the rupture pressure of the safety vent. The results met the required rupture pressure within 8.5±0.5 kgf/cm². The simulation results were compared with experimental results, which showed that the predicted rupture pressures are in good agreement with experimentally measured ones with a maximum error of only 3.9%.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.240-245
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• 2006

Viterbi decoder is composed of BMU(Branch metric Unit), ACSU(Add Compare Select Unit), and SMU(Survivor path Memory Unit). For high speed viterbi decoders, ACSU is the main bottleneck due to the compare-select and feedback operation. Thus, many studies have been advanced to solve the problem. For example, M-step look ahead technique and Minimized method are typical high speed algorithms. In this paper, we designed a bit-level ACSU(K=3, R=1/2, 4bit soft decision) based on those algorithms and switched the matrix product order in the backward direction of Minimized method so as to apply Code-Optimized-Array in order to reduce the area complexity. For experimentation, we synthesized our design by using SYNOPSYS Design compiler, with TSMC 0.18 um library, and verified the timing by using CADENCE verilog-XL.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.744-754
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• 2013

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for recently synthesized imidazole-(benz)azole and imidazole - piperazine derivatives was studied for their anticancer activities against breast (MCF-7) cell lines. The statistically significant 2D-QSAR models ($r^2=0.8901$; $q^2=0.8130$; F test = 36.4635; $r^2$ se = 0.1696; $q^2$ se = 0.12212; pred_$r^2=0.4229$; pred_$r^2$ se = 0.4606 and $r^2=0.8763$; $q^2=0.7617$; F test = 31.8737; $r^2$ se = 0.1951; $q^2$ se = 0.2708; pred_$r^2=0.4386$; pred_$r^2$ se = 0.3950) were developed using molecular design suite (VLifeMDS 4.2). The study was performed with 18 compounds (data set) using random selection and manual selection methods used for the division of the data set into training and test set. Multiple linear regression (MLR) methodology with stepwise (SW) forward-backward variable selection method was used for building the QSAR models. The results of the 2D-QSAR models were further compared with 3D-QSAR models generated by kNN-MFA, (k-Nearest Neighbor Molecular Field Analysis) investigating the substitutional requirements for the favorable anticancer activity. The results derived may be useful in further designing novel imidazole-(benz)azole and imidazole-piperazine derivatives against breast (MCF-7) cell lines prior to synthesis.