• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2000

Many bridges are severely damaged by the overloaded heavy vehicle and the trend will become more serious because the traffic volume is continuously increasing. Currently, the vehicles with gross weights over 40 tonf or axle weight over 10 tonf are not allowed on the public road. However, this regulation is not based on a systematic study on the bridge capacity and assumed to be much too conservative depending on the vehicle types and bridge types. In this study, the permit weights of heavy vehicles of diverse axle spacings and axle load distribution are calculated considering the structural characteristics of bridge superstructures. In order to consider the various load effects of heavy weight vehicle crossings, three conditions are considered in the calculation of permit vehicle load. From the results, the permit vehicle weights of the simple girder bridges are calculated.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to analyze the axle load of a rice transplanter when planting rice seedlings at different working load conditions to select a suitable gear stage and a constant planting depth for rice seedlings. In this study, there are four levels of planting distances (26, 35, 43, and 80 cm) and three planting depths (low, medium, and high) with two gear stages (1.3 and 1.7 m/s). Axle loads and required planting pressures were analyzed statistically. It was observed that axle torques were increased with increasing planting depths for both gear stages, meaning that axle torques were directly proportional to planting depths for both gear stages. It was also observed that required planting pressures had a significant difference between planting distances. Planting pressures also showed significant difference according to gear stage and planting depth. These results indicate that planting pressures were directly proportional to both gear stage and planting depth. Results revealed that the automatic depth control system of a rice transplanter could not guarantee a constant planting depth as supplied pressures were variable. This indicates that a control algorithm is needed to ensure a constant planting depth. In the future, a control algorithm will be developed for an automatic depth control system of a rice transplanter to improve its comprehensive performance and efficiency.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.303-303
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• 2000

It is difficult to determine the static axle weight of a vehicle with weigh-in-motion systems which in absence measure instantaneous axle impact forces. The difficulty in determining a static axle weight results from dynamic effects induced by vehicle/road interactions. One method to improve the problem is to quantify a statistical confidence level for measured axle weight. The quarter-car model is used to simulate vehicle motion, Also, the road input to vehicle model can be characterized in statistical terms by PSD (power spectral density) of appropriate amplitude and frequency contents other than an exact spatial distribution. The confidence levels for the measured axle weight can be obtained by the random process analysis using both vehicle model and road input.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2016

주행 차량의 축하중은 저속 혹은 고속 축중기(WIM)에 의하여 측정 할 수 있으나, 주행 차량의 샤시, 축 구조 등과 같은 차량 고유 특성과 주행 속도, 도로의 평탄도 등과 같은 주행 환경 특성에 따라 동적으로 변화하며, 이러한 순간적인 동적 하중 변화에 의해 정적 상태에서 측정된 기준 중량과 오차가 발생하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 향후 무인 과적단속 체계 도입에 앞서, 주행 차량의 동적 하중 변화 특성을 파악하여 통제 불가능한 환경적 기본 오차의 범위에 대해 분석하고, 고속 축중기의 중량정확도 성능평가 기준에 대한 척도를 적절히 설정하기 위한 실차 시험을 수행하였으며, 주요 시험 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 총중량의 경우 저속일 때 약 1%, 고속일 때 약 4%의 변화가 나타났고, 축하중의 경우 저속일 때 약 1-3%, 고속일 때 약 2-9%의 변화가 나타났으며, 이러한 현상은 단일축보다 그룹내 개별축에서 더 크게 나타났다. 둘째, 정상 평탄도 구간에 비해 충격 구간에서는 총중량의 경우 최대 약 8배, 축하중의 경우 최대 약 3~12배의 변화가 나타났으며, 이러한 동적 하중 변화의 진동 주파수는 2.4-5.8Hz로 나타났으며, 약 30m를 주행한 후에 정상 상태의 진폭으로 수렴하는 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.39-52
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• 2006

In this paper, an analytical and experimental study was performed in order to determine the effects of interaction between vehicle and structure. Results presented in the paper show that analytical method including moving load effect can investigate the trend of structural response due to dynamic interaction between vehicle and structure. The wheel tracking machine fitted with 2-axle test vehicle can demonstrate more accurate dynamic interaction between vehicle and structure than the wheel tracking machine fitted without 2-axle test vehicle.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper was to investigate experimentally the steering torque characteristics of a tractor operated in various ground conditions. The experiments were conducted with the tractor reconstructed for steering torque test of the tractor at two different off-road conditions (ground-I and ground-II) and a on-road condition (ground-III), three different levels of tire inflation pressures (69 kPa, 138 kPa and 207 kPa), and four different levels of axle loads (4120 N, 4730 N, 5340 N and 5950 N). The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) The steering torque was increased with the increase in steering angle for all experimental levels of ground conditions, axle loads and inflation pressures of tire. 2) As the axle load increased, the steering torque of the tractor increased for all ground conditions, and the increasing rate of the steering torque with the increase of axle load was greater at on-road than at off-road. 3) As the tire inflation pressure decreased, the steering torque increased. Also the increasing tendency of the steering torque with decreasing the tire inflation pressure showed that the harder the ground was, the larger the effect was. But for the soft ground condition, ground-I, no specific trend with inflation pressures was found. 4) Steering angle-steering torque relationship with ground conditions showed that the increasing rate of the steering torque was greater at on-road than off-road for small steering angle under 10 degree, and was greater at off-road than on-road for large steering angles over 10 degree.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-110
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• 2005

This paper aims at formulating various statistical models for the study of a ten year Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) data collected from various WIM stations in Hong Kong. In order to study the bridge live load model it is important to determine the mathematical distributions of different load affecting parameters such as gross vehicle weights, axle weights, axle spacings, average daily number of trucks etc. Each of the above parameters is analyzed by various stochastic processes in order to obtain the mathematical distributions and the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is adopted to calculate the statistical parameters, expected values and standard deviations from the given samples of data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) method of approach is used to check the suitability of the statistical model selected for the particular parameter and the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the distributions of maximum value stochastic processes of a series of given stochastic processes. Using the statistical analysis approach the maximum value of gross vehicle weight and axle weight in bridge design life has been determined and the distribution functions of these parameters are obtained under both free-flowing traffic and dense traffic status. The maximum value of bending moments and shears for wide range of simple spans are obtained by extrapolation. It has been observed that the obtained maximum values of the gross vehicle weight and axle weight from this study are very close to their legal limitations of Hong Kong which are 42 tonnes for gross weight and 10 tonnes for axle weight.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.6788-6798
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• 2015

최근 고속철도에서는 열차의 운영속도가 향상되고 동력분산형 차량의 도입이 증가하고 있다. 또한 콘크리트 슬래브궤도의 수요가 증가하고 설계단면감소 추세가 예상되면서 설계하중 및 속도변화로 인한 콘크리트 슬래브궤도의 보다 명확한 내부거동평가가 요구된다. 본 연구의 목적은 열차하중과 열차속도 변화에 대하여 콘크리트궤도구조와 노반의 역학적인 거동을 평가하고 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 도상콘크리트층과 콘크리트기층의 속도, 하중 변화에 따른 거동을 해석하여 평가하였다. 또한 호남고속철도 토노반 콘크리트 궤도에 부설 중에 매립된 도상콘크리트 변형율계로 HEMU-430X 열차와 KTX-호남의 170km/h에서 최대 402km/h까지 측정된 측정결과와 해석결과를 비교분석하였다. 분석결과, 속도향상에 따른 증가경향을 확인하고 선형회귀선을 도출하였으며 슬래브 층의 결합상태와 비결합 상태의 가정상태의 해석응력과 현장의 콘크리트 슬래브 내부응력을 비교할 수 있었다. 그 결과 축중이 작은 동력분산식 HEMU 430-X 열차의 402km/h주행 시 발생응력과 KTX-호남의 발생응력이 유사하게 발생함을 알 수 있었고 속도증속에 따라 발생응력의 표준편차 값이 크게 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2013

Recently many kinds of electric vehicles have been developed as many governments demand the environmental friendly vehicles. In this paper, study of load optimization for the electric vehicle which has multiple axle power system was conducted. For the analysis of the vehicle which has three or four driving axles, a method based on the geometry and assumptions that considering axles as a spring model and normal forces of the axles are proportional to the displacement of the axles was applied with basic vehicle dynamics. With the developed vehicle analysis technique, algorithm to find the optimal motor operating points was developed. Using this algorithm, it was possible to find the optimization of vehicle load distribution for multiple axles according to the driving cycles. Also, control logic for the vehicle can be developed based on the optimization simulation results.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.559-564
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• 2011

For the safety of railway, it should be evaluated for the running safety by measuring the derailment coefficient. Although railway has run the fixed and maintained rail, some of railway is derailed. This report shows the results that performed the static load test, main line running test on the basis of the derailment theory and experience. It is executed main line test into more than 90km/h for estimating the curving performance and running safety of depressed center flat car of 3-axle bogie. As the test results, could confirm the curving performance and running safety of depressed center fiat car of 3-axle bogie from the results of the wheel unloading, lateral force, derailment coefficient etc. Derailment coefficient was less than 0.6, and lateral force allowance limit and wheel load reduction ratio were enough safe.