• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.27-42
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to analyze consumption expenditure patterns over family life cycle. The data used in the study is the 1994 Survey data from Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. The study sample included 26,980 salary and wage earners’ households living in cities. The family life cycle was classified into six stages and items of expenditure were classified into 12 categories. Frequency distribution, mean, one-way ANOVA, Scheff test, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The major findings of this study are as follows : First, the average consumption propensity differs among family life cycle. Second, the amount and budget share of consumption expenditure for each expenditure category differ significantly among family life cycle in all expenditure categories. Third, family life cycle is found to be a significant factor on expenditure of food and education, and also on budget share of education.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2003

Dietitians' satisfaction between elementary school and high school in KangWon Do region were surveys with questionnaires. 61 elementary school dietitians and 30 high school dietitians participated. The dietitians in elementary schools had higher scores in age, marital status, years at work, types of employment, average annual income and had lesser hours of work. In overall, elementary schools had higher percentage on self operation and on the period of their food distribution to students. High schools had higher percentage on conventional systems, freedom in the amount of food distribution, number of meals per day and the meal charge. It was clear that dietitians in high schools showed more interests in changing their careers due to the poor working environment and salary. The highest score was on the relationship with other coworkers and the lowest score was on the poor working environment and salary. In general, dietitians in both types of schools are not satisfied with their career, especially with the working environment and salary.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.4184-4194
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• 1976

Located in the southwestern part of Korea, the Yong San Gang river flows generally northeast to southwest, and because of the specific location, topography and climate, the basin area is subject to recurrent drought and flood damages. To eliminate the cause of such damages and ensure an increase in the farm income by means of effective irrigation supply and increased cropping intensity, efforts are being made to speed up implementation of an integrated agricultural development project which would include construction. of an estuary dam and irrigation facilities as well as land development and tidal reclarnation. In formulating a basin development project plan, it is necessary to study a series of long-term runoff data. The catchment area at the proposed estuary damsite is 3,471$\textrm{km}^2$ with the total length of the river channel up to this point reaching 138km. An analysis of runoff in this area was carried out. Rainfall was estimated by the Thiessen Network based on records available from 15 of the rainfall observation stations within the area. Out of the 15 stations, Kwang Ju and Mok Po stations were keeping long-term precipitation records exceeding some 60 years while the others were in possession of only 5-10 years records. The long-term records kept by those stations located in the center of the basin were used as base records and records kept by the remaining stations were supplemented using the coefficient of correlation between the records kept by the base stations and the remainder. The analyses indicate that the average annual rainfall measured at Kwang Ju during 1940-1972 (33 years) amounts to 1,262mm and the areal rainfall amounts to 1,236mm. For the purpose of runoff analysis, 7 observatories, were set up in the middle and lower reaches of the river and periodic measurements made by these stations permitted analysis of water levels and river flows. In particular, the long-term data available from Na Ju station significantly contributed to the analysis. The analysis, made by 4-stage Tank method, shows that the average annual runoff during 1940-1972 amounts to 2,189 million ㎥ at the runoff rate of 51%. As for the amount of monthly runoff, the maximum is 484.2 million ㎥ in July while the minimum is 48.3 million ㎥ in January.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3173-3177
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• 2016

Background: The Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) in Lebanon provides cancer drugs free of charge for uninsured patients who account for more than half the total case-load. Other categories of cancer care are subsidized under more stringent eligibility criteria. MOPH's large database offers an excellent opportunity to analyze the cost of cancer treatment in Lebanon. Materials and Methods: Using utilization and spending data accumulated at MOPH during 2008-2013, the cost to the public budget of cancer drugs was assessed per case and per drug type. Results: The average annual cost of cancer drugs was 6,475$ per patient. Total cancer drug costs were highest for breast cancer, followed by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), which together represented 74% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure. The annual average cancer drug cost per case was highest for CML ($31,037), followed by NHL ($11,566). Trastuzumab represented 26% and Imatinib 15% of total MOPH cancer drug expenditure over six years. Conclusions: Sustained increase in cancer drug cost threatens the sustainability of MOPH coverage, so crucial for socially vulnerable citizens. To enhance the bargaining position with pharmaceutical firms for drug cost containment in a small market like Lebanon, drug price comparisons with neighboring countries which have already obtained lower prices may succeed in lowering drug costs.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 2019

Korea's protected horticulture is rapidly increasing in scale due to various advantages such as year-round harvesting, labor savings through automation and shortened culture period, and greater income generation. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of protected horticulture on water quality. The results of this study are expected to provide basic data contributing to improvements towards sustainable agriculture and eco-friendly design of protected horticulture complex. The average T-N and T-P loads from vinyl greenhouses were 286.55± 143.98 mg/L and 59.14±13.77 mg/L, respectively and those from glass greenhouses 380.68 ± 150.41 mg/L and 61.85±20.72 mg/L. The annual discharge of wastewater derived from the monthly discharge from the horticulture greenhouses were estimated at 2597 ton/ha, with the annual phosphorus load amounting to 155.3 kg/ha. The average T-N and T-P loads in the tested greenhouse effluents were in excess of 8.3- and 13.5-fold the standards for the Korean wastewater plant effluent. The waste nutrient solution discharged from a protected horticulture complex can cause water contamination. Therefore, there is a need to conduct follow-up research using a water purification system or a trench method to develop a eco-friendly protected horticulture complex for sustainable agriculture.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2022

Purpose: This study measures the effect of Information Technology (IT) on both cost and profit efficiency of State-owned Commercial Banks (SOCBs) in Bangladesh. Research design, data and methodology: Yearly Non-IT and IT data are collected from the annual report of SOCBs of Bangladesh from 2008 to 2017. Variable Return to Scale (VRS) cost Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Profit DEA are employed to measure the efficiency of SOCBs and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) is used to investigate the impacts of ICT components on operating cost and profit efficiency for SOCBs. Results: The average cost efficiency (74.4%) was noticed higher than the average profit efficiency (20.6%) for SOCBs. SOCBs were more affordable and less profitable for both cost and profit efficiency. Rupali bank was the most cost efficient while Sonali bank was the most profit efficient. IT Investment and IT personnel expenses were positively significant for cost efficiency. IT income, IT personnel, IT personnel expenses, ATM expenses, and Credit card expenses were negatively significant for profit efficiency. Conclusion: The further studies can combine DEA with machine learning algorithms to study the impact of IT on banks' performances. The results could aid government to remove the hindrance of progress in Bangladesh.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.545-555
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• 2021

This study aimed quantitatively to estimate the recent level of recognition of the public value of forests in Korea, to analyze the factors that affect their value, and to present implications. The average annual payment regarding the public value of forests estimated using the contingent valuation method was 234,170 won, broken down into 12 functionalities. The Tobit model was used to analyze demographic factors affecting the degree of willingness to pay, and the analysis showed that area of residence, age, marital status, occupation, household income, and visits to forest facilities all had statistically significant impacts on the degree of willingness to pay. Among these variables, living area (living in Seoul), marriage status (married), occupation (professional and office workers), and household income (more than the median income) were found to have a positive relationship with the degree of willingness to pay, while age and the number of visits to forest facilities were found to have a negative relationship. The implications are as follows: First, it is necessary to establish and implement policies to enhance positive perceptions of the various functions of forests and the legitimacy of protecting forest resources, considering that the public's valuation of various public functions provided by forests is directly related to changes in perception. Second, public evaluations of the public value of forests remain at a low level, meaning that education and promotions regarding the public value of forests need to be implemented and strengthened in the future. Finally, in order to form a consensus among people on the public functions of forests, customized promotions and educational events need to be implemented for non-Seoul residents, non-professionals, the unmarried, and for those who regularly visit forests.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.167-178
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to get basic information for the development of Korean native chicken industry by reviewing the current native chicken farm management and marketing situation of native chicken products(meat and eggs). The research was carried on the basis of the farm field survey covering 210 native chicken feeders out of 9 different local areas, and the results were as follows ; 1. Average raising size of native chicken flocks of sample farms was 1,787 heads and about 50% of those farms raised less than 500 heads chickens for self-sufficiency or on the side. 2. Most farmers made the decision to start on feeding native chickens in small scale with small amount of capital without sound feeding program, and their decision was mainly influenced by recommendation of mass-media( 19.5%) and neighbors (17.2%). 3. The average income per farm earned by raising the native chickens was 13,719 Won, and income per head of chicken was 8,800 Won. 4. About 40% of feeders expressed that the poor marketing management and lack of capital were the bottleneck to native chicken farm management. 5. About 70% of feeders evaluated the prospect of native chicken industry positively and so, about 60% of feeders hoped to expand the raising size in the future. 6. Most farmers directry made a bargain with marketer including middleman and enduser in selling the chicken products because there was not established special marketing system for native chicken products. 7. The sales age of native broiler was about 16~20 weeks and average body weight of broiler was 1.5~2.0 kg. And farm recieved price was not decided on the basis of each body weight or meat quality but only number of heads. 8. The average first egg-laying age of chickens was about 165 days and average annual laying rate was only about 56%. 9. In order to develop the successful Korean native chicken industry, followings are recommended ; 1) Reducing the production costs and increasing the productivity of native chickens should be carried out through technological research and development for sound feeding program of native chickens and sufficient fund supply. 2) Orderly native chicken marketing and pricing system should be established to give good vision about native chickens to farmers and to delight the consumers. 3) The measures for product differentiation including meat quality and nutritional value of native chicken products against other improved chickens should be actively taken by feeders and government.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.393-405
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• 1983

The demand for livestock and poultry products including beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk whose income elasticities are relatively higher than other staple foods, has been increased significantly during the past two decades in response to the remarkable increase in per capita GNP. This trend will be continued during the fifth and the sixth five year economic development plan period beginning with 1982. The annual GNP growth rate will be 7.5% on the average during the next 10 years. It is greatly needed to estimate the demand for beef, pork, chicken egg and milk and to study the feasibilities of domestic production of livestock products for the formulation of adequate policies in order to equate the consumption and the production during the 1980s. So this study reviewed the possible changes in the food consumption patterns during the 1980s, estimated the demand for beef, pork, chicken, egg and milk by using empirical demand functions and finally made suggestions for the formulation of long term price stabilization policies for each livestock, poultry and dairy products through the equilibrium of the quantity of demand for and supply of the products. There are many factors affecting the demand for meats, but this study considered own price, prices of supplements and substitutes and per capita income as the independent variables in the demand equations. It was found that it's own price and income were most significantly affecting factors among others and the degree of substitution effects were remarkably different among the products. According to the meat demand derived in this study, per capita consumption of beef, pork and chicken in the base year 1982 was 11.2kg for total meat, 2.5kg beef, 6.0kg pork and 2.5kg chicken, 106 pieces egg, 15.1kg milk respectively, while those in 1991 were 19.3kg for total meat, 4.8kg beef, 9.6kg pork, 4.9kg chicken, 133pieces egg and 44.1kg milk. It is also predicted through this study that, when the level of production costs be maintained, the domestic production of pork and chicken will meet the demand for them during the fifth and sixth five year economic plan period. However, there will be chronic shortage of beef supply during the coming years. The annual import requirement will be 30,000tons to 40,000tons during the period. In order to stabilize the domestic livestock and poultry and dairy products market, the government should introduce measures to curb the increase in beef consumption by encouraging the consumption of pork and chicken. For this, the livestock production policy measures should be concentrated on : 1) the improvement of infrastructures of beef production by introducing advanced feeding and management technology, subsidies for the establishment of facilities and price support programs for farmers : 2) the development of dairy beef : 3) the reinforcement of the forecast systems for pork and chicken production and consumption.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.321-353
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• 2012

This study aims to find out ways of improving life satisfaction of rural elderly by investigating their work and leisure activity, two significant axis of the life in later life. For this purpose, researchers and one assistant researcher visited house, senior citizen's center and health center, in order to have interviews with senior citizen above 65, who are currently working in the field. The summary of the research findings are as follows; First, the average size of the farm land which each senior citizen works on is $9,237.92m^2$ and they mostly work for economic reason. During farming season, they work on average 8.62 hour per day. As primary reasons for why farming work is difficult, "insufficient income" was picked. In fact, the average annual income senior citizens earn from farming is about 15.4 million won. 49.1% of sample senior citizens work both on watered farm and farm, and they are engaged in farming 48.82 years on average, showing that most of their lives have been spent on farming. In spite of these difficulties, most senior citizens showed high intention to continue farming work further. Second, senior citizens turn out to spend their leisure time mostly on public leisure activities such as watching TV, hearing radio and gatherings with families, relatives. However, individual activities such as meditation, yoga, drawing and calligraphy turn out to be low because they require foundations to enjoy. Third, senior citizen in rural areas were divided into four groups by farm work and leisure activity: group separated from work and leisure activity(27.09%), group centered to leisure activity(24.42%), group centered to work(23.75%), and group integrated work and leisure activity(23.75%). Fourth, the groups were different depending on demographic characteristics. Namely, male senior citizen, higher educational level, living in elderly couple households, and satisfied with their economic level belonged to the group integrated work and leisure activity. But senior citizen aged above 65 years old and working for their livelihood belonged to the group centered to work, and most of female and senior citizen aged above 80 years old belonged to the group separated from work and leisure activity. Finally, as the result of analysis of differences in life satisfaction according to farm work and leisure activity of senior citizen in rural areas, the group integrated work and leisure activity, and group centered to leisure activity were higher in life satisfaction than the group separated from work and leisure activity, and group centered to work. The above result indicates that life satisfaction of senior citizen depends upon leisure activity rather than work.