• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-64
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• 2004

As of 1 July 2000 a big reform was introduced into the Korean health care system: the separation between prescribing and dispensing of drugs (SPD reform). There was, however, a big financial stake associated with pharmaceuticals, particularly before the reform, because physicians as well as pharmacists were allowed to purchase drugs at much lower costs than the insurance reimbursement. In this respect, this study focuses on the change in income and profit of both doctor's clinics and pharmacies after the reform. Data from National Health and Nutritional Survey by the ministry of health and welfare were used to estimate the income or expenditure that are financed by out-of-pocket payment of the patients, while national health insurance data etc. were used for the estimation of the income or expenditure that is financed by insurers. Average annual income per doctor's clinic increased from 299 million won to 338 million won for the three years between 1998 and 2001, whereas average annual income per pharmacy increased enormously from 60 million won to 305 million won for the same period. Average annual 'profit' increase per each doctor's clinic caused by the reform itself was estimated to range from 50 to 83 million won, while that per each pharmacy, from 23 to 87 million won. In sum, while both doctor's clinics and pharmacies are beneficiaries of the SPD reform, its positive impact is particularly prominent on the latter.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.71-86
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of university education expenditure and how university education expenditure affected household finance such as total household expenditure after excluding education expenditure, savings, and debts respectively. The data were drawn from the 8th Korean Labor & Income Panel Study conducted by the Korean Labor Institute, and 563 households with children attending university were selected. The t-test, F-test (Duncan's multiple range test as post hoc test), OLS, and Heckman's two-step estimation were utilized by SAS 9.1 and SPSS 12.0 for Windows. The results were as follows: First, average annual tuition was found to be 6,170,000won(21.5% of total annual household expenditures) and average annual private education expenses were 4,920,000won(15.9% of total annual household expenditures). Second, the higher the household income levels, the more spent on university education, whereas the higher the household income level, the lower the household expenditure-to-university education ratio. Third, tuition and private education expenses had a negative impact on household expenditures after excluding education expenditure.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.41-54
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to analyze the compensation of rurul women receive instead of their physical participation and contribution to their households. I am specifically concerned with the rural women's economic status in relation to their decision making power on household and agricultural economic issues as well as property held in their names. The data of 166 rural men and women in Jyungpook Province are collected by using questionnaires in June 1998. The findings of this study are as follows; 1) Rural women contribute average 53% of their husbands' contribution to agricultural labor which is on average 43.0% of total annual household income. 2) The decision making power on major economic issues remains still very low among rural women. Rural women are still excluded from the possibility of actually owning assets such as property,. Only 189% had assets under their names for assets. 3) The significant factors concerning the rural women's decision making power on econo ic issues are gender-role attitudes of rural women and the husband's judgement of how much their wives contribute to the annual household income. 4) the major factors which influence rural women owning household assets are the decision making power on economical matters contribution to the annual household income and each woman's education level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.316-323
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• 2018

This study was conducted with the intention of providing basic data that are essential for establishing compensation standards for forest products and diagnosing forestry management in the future by investigating the cultivation process of major wild edible greens such as Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Ligularia fischeri, and Allium victorialis and analyzing related incomes. According to the result, the cultivation was generally divided into the open filed cultivation and mountain cultivation by the cultivated item. The annual average income by unit area ($3.3m^2$) for each item was 6,500 won for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum cultivated open filed, 3,200 won for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum cultivated in the mountain, 20,400 won for Ligularia fischeri cultivated open filed, 20,900 won for Allium victorialis cultivated open filed, and 7,300 won for Allium victorialis cultivated in the mountain. Particularly, while consumer demand for Allium victorialis and Ligularia fischeri are increasing phenomenally recently, the annual average income per unit area ($3.3m^2$) for these wild edible greens grown open filed was distinctively higher than that for Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum. This can be explained by very high working expenses (land rent and labor cost) required for the cultivation of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum compared with other items. As for Ligularia fischeri and Allium victorialis yielding high annual average income, the initial investment costs including the cost of purchasing seeds and seed stocks account for 40% of the working expenses or over and thereby requiring proper support from the government for solidifying the income source and promoting cultivation in the agricultural and mountain regions in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.51-64
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the patterns of income and household expense arrangements within dual-income families. The data was obtained from the F-GENS Korea Panel Survey of Ochanomizu University. The responses were gathered from both married and unmarried people, primarily in Seoul and the metropolitan area, of ages ranging from 25 to 44. The sample for this study was comprised of data from 399 double-income households. Crosstab and multinominal logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. The results were as follows. First, dual-income families choose a pooling system as their income arrangement. Second, variables determining the income arrangement were the husband's age, school attainment, annual average income, and average working hour per day. Third, variables that affected the household expenses arrangement included the husband's level of schooling attained and the husband’s job type. Fourth, the ideology of the economic community effected both the income and household expenses arrangement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.19-29
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• 1994

The annual income (gross margin) in 1989/90 of a sample of 274 farmers in seven milk cooperatives was analyzed in the sugar cane, cassava, and horticulture areas in East Java. On average dairying contributed 42%, crops 29% and off-farm revenue 29%. Dairy income was highest in the cassava area, where it compensated for the low crop income, and lowest in the sugar cane area. Farm area and average milk yield per day per cow correlated positively with farmer's income, whereas crop income increase significantly with farm area and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and on total income. Government officials and other professionals engaged in dairying had a significantly higher total income than those with their main occupation in dairying, cropping or working as farm labourers. Uneducated farmers obtained a significantly larger income through crops, whereas farmers with tertiary education obtained more income through off-farm work, This study suggests that more attention must be paid to the actual use of labour and the improvement of the dairy output/cost ratio.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.137-145
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• 2019

Among the participants of the 2012 Korea Medical Panel survey, 308 people who have used emergency, hospitalization and outpatient services for cancer have been selected. The average annual direct cost per cancer patient was analyzed by adding up the patient's medical expenses, industrial copayments, and non-salary costs. The average annual direct direct cost of cancer spent by cancer patients is about 129,093,792 per male, 158,100,612 won for men and 110,482,075 for women.For those with health insurance, the total direct cost per person from cancer was 183,095,125 won and the beneficiaries were 46,241,705 won. By household income, the average annual direct direct costs per person were 112,459,971 won per patient in the household income quartile, 137,910,890 won for patients in the second quartile, 149,556,570 won in the third quartile and 112,730,461 won, quartile 5, respectively.Was 142,926,331 won.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.65-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to analyze income and consumption expenditure patterns over the family life cycle. The data used in this study is the 2004 Survey data from the Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey data which are included salary and wage earners' households living in urban areas. The income and expenditure data of 20,383 households are analyzed. The family life cycle is classified into six stages and the items of expenditure are classified into 12 categories. The data are analyzed by descriptive statistics, $X^2$ test, F-test, and Duncan's multiple range test using SAS 8.0 package program. The major findings of this study are as fellows: First, the average monthly family income of the total sample is 3,480,000 won. The proportion of regular and irregular income among the total family income is 95.5% and 4.5% respectively. Second, the amount and ratio of monthly regular income fur each category are significantly different over the family life cycle. Third, the average monthly family expenditure of the total sample is 2,250,000 won. The amount and ratio of monthly expenditure of all items are significantly different over the family life cycle. The highest expenditure item is the traffic expanse and phone charge.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.161-165
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• 2021

Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads heterogeneously, disproportionately impacting poor and minority communities. The relationship between poverty and race is complex, with a diverse set of structural and systemic factors driving higher rates of poverty among minority populations. The factors that specifically contribute to the disproportionate rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, however, are not clearly understood. Methods: We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 test results from community-based testing sites in Los Angeles, California, between June and December, 2020. We used tester zip code data to link those results with United States Census report data on average annual household income, rates of healthcare coverage, and employment status by zip code. Results: We analyzed 2 141 127 SARS-CoV-2 test results, of which 245 154 (11.4%) were positive. Multivariable modeling showed a higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among Hispanic communities than among other races. We found an increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 positivity among individuals from zip codes with an average annual household income

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.51-83
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• 2018

This study examines whether the widening gap between income groups is worsening in the distribution of time use, similar to the worsening of income distribution after the IMF. To do this, we conducted multilevel analysis (HLM) on six countries including France, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, the United States and Korea. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, in all countries, low income groups have a longer paid working time and shorter leisure time. Second, the low income groups in Korea have the longest paid work time and the shortest leisure time, the lowest level of work-leisure balance, and this aspect has not recovered since the IMF. Third, as the result of multilevel analysis, the lower the household income, the more time paid labor increased and the work-leisure balance decreased. Fourth, while average annual working hours increase paid working time, the expansion of family policy expenditure, redistribution policy and income maintenance policy has reduced it. Fifth, the annual average working hours decreased the work-leisure balance, but the family policy expenditure, the redistribution policy and the income guarantee policy increased the work-leisure balance. The significance of this study is that after the IMF, not only the income distribution but also the inequality among the income class in time use has deepened. Based on the results of the research this study suggests the reinforcement of labor time regulation, the activation of parental leave system, the realization of the income replacement rate, the expansion of the policy related to income redistribution, and the complementary development of the income guarantee and the time guarantee policy as the policy intervention strategy that restructures time.