• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권9호
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• pp.489-493
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• 2021

Background: There is evidence of destructive effects of oxytocin use during labor on neurodevelopment. Purpose: This meta-analysis pooled all observational studies to determine the association between labor induction and the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among children. Methods: All observational studies (case-control and cohort) were reviewed until September 2020 after searches of the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, the gray literature, and conference proceedings. The pooled odds ratios (ORs), relative ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals (CI (swere calculated as random effect estimates of association among studies. Results: All observational studies were reviewed, including 4 cohort studies including 2,885,743 participants and 3 case-control studies including 51,135 participants (10,961 with ADHD and 40,174 in control groups) with a sample size of 2,936,878 participants. The pooled estimates of OR and RR did not indicate a significant association between labor induction and ADHD among children (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.90-1.35) and (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.96-1.24). Conclusions: The findings showed that labor induction is not associated with an increased risk of ADHD among children. However, more studies are needed to investigate the relationship between labor induction and ADHD.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.112-117
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• 2021

Objectives: This study identified changes in social communication and interaction among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through Theraplay. Methods: This study included 20 children who were diagnosed with ASD by a child and adolescent psychiatrist and were recommended to undergo Theraplay in 2012-2017. The Marschak interaction method was used to identify and analyze the interactions between parents and their children. The Korean version of the Social Communication Questionnaire (K-SCQ) was used to evaluate symptoms of ASD. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences before and after Theraplay. Results: Upon comparing the differences in total K-SCQ scores, there were statistically significant changes (z=-3.269, p=0.001) in children with ASD. Changes were also confirmed in each category, namely social interaction, communication, and limited and repetitive behavior patterns (p=0.011, p=0.025, p=0.039, respectively). Conclusion: This study found that Theraplay may cause significant changes in social communication in children with ASD. Further studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of Theraplay in children with ASD.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.118-127
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• 2014

Along with language, socialization is a unique feature of the human being. There is a continuous debate regarding whether the development of socialization is innate, and conducted by the environment in the growing process, or the result of the interaction of both aspects. If socialization is the result of the interaction with the environment or is an acquired developmental process, the following question rises. "Is there a 'critical period' for the development of socialization?" Although there are a huge number of studies seeking for treatment and solutions for developmental delay or deficits of socialization, it is very complicated question to answer. Historical figures such as 'Hugh Blair' of Borgue in England, and 'the wild boy of Aveyron' in France, seem to have innate socialization deficits. Nowadays patients with non-verbal learning disorder, social communication disorder, or autism spectrum disorder seem to have genetic defects. On the other hand, Harry Harlow's monkey experiments, hikikomori of Japan, Romanian orphans and patients with reactive attachment disorder seem to display social deficits due to environmental factors. However, it is not easy to clearly draw a line between innate or acquired factors. Therefore, rather than subdividing the diseases for etiological and pathophysiological approach to heterogenous groups with the common denominator of social deficit, and for the research of pathophysiology and treatment development, the authors suggest a comprehensive concept of "social dysfunction spectrum."

• 수면정신생리
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.5-10
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• 2015

The secretion of melatonin exhibits a circadian rhythm entrained with the sleep-wake cycle. An alteration of this secretory rhythm has been found in various psychiatric disorders. This review summarizes the regulation of melatonin and its relationship to the circadian rhythm, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, Alzheimer's disease and autism. The review also looks at the effect of melatonin and melatonin agonist on sleep and symptoms of depression, bipolar disorder and seasonal affective disorder. In Alzheimer's disease, the circadian rhythm alterations are associated with the change of melatonin levels and melatonin receptors. It has been reported that melatonin and melatonin synthetic enzyme levels decrease in autism spectrum disorder.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2022

Children are the foundation and future of this society and understanding their impressions and behaviors is very important and the child's behavioral problems are a burden on the family and society as well as have a bad impact on the development of the child, and the early diagnosis of these problems helps to solve or mitigate them, and in this research project we aim to understand and know the behaviors of children, through artificial intelligence algorithms that helped solve many complex problems in an automated system, By using this technique to read and analyze the behaviors and feelings of the child by reading the features of the child's face, the movement of the child's body, the method of the child's session and nervous emotions, and by analyzing these factors we can predict the feelings and behaviors of children from grief, tension, happiness and anger as well as determine whether this child has the autism spectrum or not. The scarcity of studies and the privacy of data and its scarcity on these behaviors and feelings limited researchers in the process of analysis and training to the model presented in a set of images, videos and audio recordings that can be connected, this model results in understanding the feelings of children and their behaviors and helps doctors and specialists to understand and know these behaviors and feelings.

• 한국신경인지재활치료학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2018

목적: 본 연구는 반 구조화된 $DIRFloortime^{(R)}$ 치료가 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 언어이해 지표 및 정보처리 지표 기능향상에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 연구대상자의 일반적인 특성인 자폐정도, 전체지능, 언어이해지표 와 정보처리 지표를 측정하였다. 중재 방법으로 사용한 것은 전문가 내용타당도를 확보한 후, 수정 보완하여 보드게임을 활용한 반 구조화된 $DIRFloortime^{(R)}$ 치료 중재 프로그램을 사용하였다. 유사 실험 설계로 한 집단 사전 사후 검사 실험 설계를 하였으며 유의수준 .05에서 t 검증을 통해서 사전 및 사후 검사를 하였다. 결과: 프로그램 실시 후, 언어이해 지표는 사후검사 시, 통계적으로 유의한 수준 (p<.001) 유의미한 차이가 잇는 것으로 나타났으며, 정보처리 지표에서도 통계적으로 유의미한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다(p<.001). 결론: 보드게임을 활용한 반 구조화된 $DIRFloortime^{(R)}$ 치료 고기능 자폐스펙트럼 장애 아동들의 언어이해 및 정보처리 지표 기능 향상에 효과가 있었다.

• 감성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.429-440
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• 2010

자폐스펙트럼장애는 91명당 1명이 문제를 보인다고 보고되었으며 이는 우리나라 암 발생률보다도 높은 수준이지만, 국내에서는 제대로 된 진단 및 치료가 이루어지고 있지 않아 사회적으로 심각한 복지 사각지대에 있다. 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 경우 자신의 정서 상태를 제대로 표현하지 못하여 기존의 치료 및 교육 방법에 제약이 많기 때문에, 장애 아동의 정서를 실시간으로 인지하여 활용할 수 있는 새로운 개념의 치료 시스템의 개발이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 생체신호 감지를 통한 정서 상태 인지 기술 및 가상 감성 에이전트(agent) 모델링 기술을 포함한 감성 컴퓨팅 기술에 대하여 기술 동향 분석 결과를 제시하고, 새로운 자폐스펙 트럼장애 진단 및 치료를 위한 시스템 구성방식을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 뇌파 등의 생체신호로 부터 자폐아동의 정서 상태를 인지하기 위한 생체신호 감지 모듈, 가상현실 환경에서 자폐아동이 감성 에이전트와 사회적 상호작용을 하면서 다양한 진단 및 치료 시나리오를 수행하기 위한 가상 감성 에이전트 환경 모듈, 역감 교류(haptic interface)장치를 이용하여 자폐아동의 행동 입력이 가능하게 하고, 힘 반력을 자폐아동에게 전달해 주기 위한 역감 교류 모듈로 구성된다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템을 통해 자폐스펙트럼장애를 객관적으로 진단할 수 있으며, 생활 속에서 지속적인 치료를 가능하게 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2010

To discover genetic markers for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we previously applied genome-wide BAC array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to 28 autistic patients and 62 normal controls in Korean population, and identified that chromosomal losses on 8p23.1 and on 17p11.2 are significantly associated with autism. In this study, we developed an 8.5K ASD-specific BAC array covering 27 previously reported ASD-associated CNV loci including ours and examined whether the associations would be replicated in 8 ASD patient cell lines of four different ethnic groups and 10 Korean normal controls. As a result, a CNV-loss on 8p23.1 was found to be significantly more frequent in patients regardless of ethnicity (p<0.0001). This CNV region contains two coding genes, DEFA1 and DEFA3, which are members of DEFENSIN gene family. Two other CNVs on 17p11.2 and Xp22.31 were also distributed differently between ASDs and controls, but not significant (p=0.069 and 0.092, respectively). All the other loci did not show significant association. When these evidences are considered, the association between ASD and CNV of DEFENSIN gene seems worthy of further exploration to elucidate the pathogenesis of ASD. Validation studies with a larger sample size will be required to verify its biological implication.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.47-54
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• 2020

발달장애는 영유아 기부터 시작하는 뇌 신경계 발달장애들의 집합으로 언어 및 의사소통, 인지력, 사회성 등의 측면에서 이루어져야 할 발달이 심하게 지체되거나 성취되지 않은 장애를 의미한다. 이러한 발달장애 진단에는 아동의 얼굴 표정과 같은 감정표현의 의미와 맥락 등 비언어적 반응에 대한 관찰로 이루어진다. 이를 사람이 측정기에는 상당히 주관적인 판단이 개입하게 되어 객관적인 기술이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영유아/아동의 언어, 비언어적 행동 반응을 관찰하는 ADOS(Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule)와 BeDevel(Behavior Development Screening for Toddler) 검사에서 검사자와 피검사자간의 상호작용이 녹화된 영상을 리빙랩 환경에서 획득하여 인공지능 기반의 비정상적/상동적 행동 인지 기술 개발에 필요한 영상 및 음성 데이터 확보를 목표로 한다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2018

목적 : 본 연구는 상호작용식 메트로놈(interactive metronome, 이하 IM)훈련이 자폐 스펙트럼 아동의 주의집중력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 주의집중력에 어려움이 있는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동 1명을 대상으로 ABA' 설계를 통한 단일대상연구이다. 회기 별 구성은 기초선(A) 3회기, 중재기(B) 14회기, 기초선 2(A') 3회로로 총 20회기 실시하였다. 중재기(B)동안에는 IM 훈련을 하였으며, 기초선(A), 중재기(B), 기초선 2(A') 기간 모두 종속변인으로 부주의 행동과 주의집중 행동을 측정하였다. 결과 : 기초선과 비교하여 IM 훈련 중재기에 대상자의 부주의 행동은 감소하였고, 주의 집중 행동은 증가하였다. 기초선 2 기간에도 중재 효과는 유지되었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 IM 훈련이 주의력 결핍 증상이 있는 자폐 스펙트럼 아동의 주의집중력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었고, 자폐 스펙트럼 장애아동의 중재로써 IM 훈련의 임상적 근거를 마련하였다는데 의의가 있다.