• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.37-49
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to examine the realities of knowledge and attitude about smoking among high school students, to analyze the relation among knowledge of smoking attitude about smoking, and smoking behavior. For the data, 1,522 boys' high school students living in Pusan were selected. The data were analyzed with the SPSS PC+ statistical package using t-test, multiple regression and path analysis. The main results are as follows; First, smoking group has lower knowledge of smoking than non-smoking group. Second, smoking group has more positive attitude about smoking than non-smoking group. Third among the demographic variables pecket money, scholastic attainments, grade, SES, and religion influence on smoking behavior directly and indirectly. Fourth, among the smoking environmental variables parents' smoking, sibling's smoking. the number of smoking family. close friends' smoking, the number of smoking friends, family's thought about smoking, knowledge of smoking attitude about smoking influence on smoking behavior directly and indirectly.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.13-34
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• 2002

This study examined smoking behavior of Korean female college students by applying the Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, and tried to uncover the factors influencing smoking behavior. The main findings are as follows: First, the attitude toward smoking behavior and the perceived behavioral control were statistically significant in predicting smoking intention. The smoking intention was also significant in predicting smoking behavior. Thus, in order to promote to stop smoking, smoking prevention education emphasizing to reduce smoking intention, to lower the positive attitude toward smoking behavior and to enhance the capacity for perceived behavioral control seems to be helpful. Second, the smoking intention influenced significantly over the smoking behavior in all situations. But the influences of the attitude toward smoking behavior, the subjective norms, and the perceived behavioral control over the smoking intention varied from not significant in one situation to significant in the other situation. Thus, different prevention programs according to the characteristics of individuals need to be developed. Third, in a path analysis, the grade and the degree of satisfaction with college life had the indirect influence, and the growth place had the direct influence over the attitude toward smoking behavior and smoking intention. Thus the smoking prevention program focusing on the students who are the first grade, less satisfied with college life, and growing up in small cities should be developed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.242-252
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• 2003

Purpose: To examine the effect of a smoking prevention program on changing the knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior of male middle school students. Method: A total of 69 male middle school students participated in this study. Each of them was assigned to either smoking prevention program (n=35) or to a control group (n=34). The intervention for the experiment group was developed by the investigator. The questionnaires for assessing knowledge and attitude were created by modifying scaled employed in previous studies. Result: 1) The experimental group with smoking prevention program showed higher scores in knowledge for smoking harmfulness in comparison with the control group (F=18.782, p=.000). 2) The experimental group with the smoking prevention program showed lower scores in attitude toward smoking behavior in comparison with the control group (F=17.483. p=.000). Conclusion: The results showed that the smoking prevention program was effective on improving knowledge and attitude toward smoking behavior in male middle school students. More studies on development of comprehensive smoking prevention programs for adolescents need to be conducted in the future.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.387-398
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• 2002

This study was conducted to provide basic data to develop a smoking prevention and non-smoking education program. Data were collected, using a questionnaire, from 438 male middle school students living in Chunchon, Kwangwon- do. The data collection period was from September 2 to 30, 2000. The questionnaire used to measure the subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking was based on the guideline for the contents of tobacco smoking surveys for the general population designed by WHO. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS-Win program. The results were as follows. 1. The subjects' average score for smoking knowledge was 58.52 out of 100 points. 2. The subjects' average score for attitude toward smoking was 63.54 out of 100 points. 3. Smoking knowledge of the subjects was significantly different by their grade (F=9.187, p=.000), father's smoking behavior (t=2.261, p= .024), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=8.911, p=.000). The subjects' attitude toward smoking was significantly different by mother's smoking behavior (t=-2.557, p=.011), brother's smoking behavior (t=-3.959, p=.000), having a smoking friend or not (t=-4.422, p=.000), subjects' smoking experience (t=-8.304, p=.000), present smoking behavior (t=7.001, p=.000), quantity of smoking (F=3.297, p= .041), abstinence period of smoking (F=3.858, p=.013), thinking about smoking behavior (F=20.999, p=.000), aware of harmfulness of smoking (F=20.964, p=.000), and amount of drinking (F=8.316, p=.000). 4. There was a significant correlation between subjects' knowledge and attitude toward smoking (r=.514, p=.000).

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.456-470
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• 2002

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to test the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in the prediction of smoking cessation intention and smoking cessation behavior among adolescent smokers, in order to provide basic data to develop a future smoking cessation program as a nursing intervention. Method: The study subjects were 80 adolescent smokers who had smoked one cigarette and attended a five-day school smoking cessation program. The data were collected from October 24 to December 21, 1999. The instruments used in this study were the tools developed by Jee (1994) to measure TPB variables such as attitude toward smoking cessation behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, smoking cessation intention, and smoking cessation behavior. The data were analyzed with the SAS/PC program using descriptive statistics, hierarchical multiple regression, and logistic multiple regression. Results: 1. Attitude toward smoking cessation behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were partially significant in predicting smoking cessation intention. 2. Smoking cessation intention and perceived behavioral control toward smoking cessation behavior did not significantly predict smoking cessation behavior. 3. There were partial interaction effects among the attitude toward smoking cessation behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control in the prediction of smoking cessation intention. 4. There were partial interaction effects between smoking cessation intention and perceiver behavioral control toward smoking cessation behavior in the prediction of smoking cessation behavior. Conclusion: This study partially demonstrated support for the TPB model that was partially useful in predicting smoking cessation intention and smoking cessation behavior among adolescent smokers. Therefore, it is recommended that attitude toward smoking cessation behavior and perceived behavioral control should be considered in developing smoking cessation programs and implementing nursing interventions to change the smoking behavior of adolescent smokers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.358-367
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of a smoking prevention program among preschool children. Method: This study used a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 141 preschool children aged 6 or 7 at two childcare centers in Jecheon City, who were divided into an experimental group (n=66) and a control group (n=75). The smoking prevention program was applied through 9 sessions and 30 minutes per session. Surveys were conducted before and after the smoking prevention program to examine the preschoolers' knowledge and attitude toward smoking and smoking coping behavior. Results: There were significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in smoking knowledge (t=-2.02, p=.044) and smoking coping behavior (t=-2.01 p=.047), but smoking attitude (t=-1.20, p=.230) was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: As a result, further research is needed into the long term effects of a smoking prevention program on the future behavior of preschoolers so that the health benefits of early prevention can be quantified. It is necessary for parents to participate actively in influencing preschoolers' attitudes and behaviors with regard to the avoidance of smoking.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.209-221
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• 2000

I began the study to identify the issues related to knowledge. attitude and behavior regarding smoking by sixth graders. which will ultimately lead to the development of a smoking prevention program that will not only help deter school-age children from smoking, but also make them aware of the more desirable behaviors and techniques for healthier life. The results are as follows: 1. Smoking Behavior: Of the focus group. 4.15% are current smokers and 18.23% are ever smokers. 2. Correlation between smoking knowledge and ever smoking: Ever smoking sample($11.10{\pm}3.66$) is less knowledge able than the never-smoking sample($12.17{\pm}3.95$), (t=3.23. p=.001). 3. Correlation between smoking attitude and ever smoking: Ever smoking sample($28.12{\pm}8.51$) was less desirable than the never-smoking sample($l2.17{\pm}3.95$). (t=8.24, p=.000). 4. Correlation between smoking Knowledge and smoking attitude: knowledge about smoking and attitude toward smoking are quantitatively correlated in such way that the more knowledgeable the child is about smoking. the more desirable the attitude toward smoking is(r=.17. p=.000). 5. Correlation between socio-anthropological characteristics and ever smoking: family . atmosphere($x^2$=16.49. p=.001), school life ($x^2$=l1.58, p= .003), grades in school( $x^2$=11.89. p=.003), gender($x^2$=8.97. p=.003). friends' gathering place($x^2$=13.19. p=.02), marital status of parents(p* =.03). and family's financial status($x^2$=6.71. p=.035). In addition, Correlation between somking-environmental characteristics and ever smoking: number of friends who smoke($x^2$=76.01. p=.001). information source for smoking($x^2$=48.03. p=.001), whether or not siblings smoke($x^2$=26.07, p=.001), whether or not female relatives smoke ( $x^2$= 15.65. p= .001), whether or not father smokes ($x^2$= 12.10. p= .007), errands to buy cigarettes for someone($x^2$=9.18. p=.010), and whether or not male relatives smoke ($x^2$=8.82. p=.35) 6. Results of the logistic analysis performed to identify the factors correlated to ever smoking show that: one point decrease in attitude score translates to 25.39 times' increase in ever smoking one person decrease in the number of friends who smoke translates to 0.66 times' decrease in ever smoking: the group where the father has quit smoking has 1.40 times more ever smoking than the group where the father does not smoke at all: and likewise, the group where the father currently smokes has 1.40 times more ever smoking than the group where the father has quit smoking. 7. The overall cause-and-effect relationship between the ever smoking and the related factors: attitude toward smoking caused ever smoking by -.43, smoking by friends, by .12, marital status of arents, by .05, school life. by .04, gender, by -.03, and smoking by father, by -.02. Knowledge about smoking (t=-1.67) did not cause significant effects on ever smoking.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.45-61
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was to get database of health service for smoking preventing through investigating the smoking status of students and the knowledge, attitude on smoking. Methods: The subjects were consisted of 463 students who were currently enrolled in 1, 2 and 3 grade of 6 high schools located in Ulsan-city. The instruments for this study were smoking knowledge and smoking attitude questionnaire(each 20 items) developed by WHO. Results: Among the students 25.8% answered they had the experience of smoking. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to opposite sex friends. Student's knowledge level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 0.65 out of 1. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to highest score(0.82) were have affect on pregnancy and an unborn child. Smoking prevention knowledge level related to low score(0.19) were get rid of stress. Therefore smoking prevention knowledge high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Student's attitude level about smoking prevention is high score to mean get obtain 2.0 out of 3. Smoking prevention attitude level related to highest score(2.5) were no smoking allowed public area and put a stop smoking to friends. Therefore smoking prevention attitude high level is non smoker rather than smoker. Conclusion: It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade student and sustaining teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.117-127
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• 1998

The Theory of Planned Behavior has been shown to yield great explanatory power in health behavior as well as social behavior. This study was conducted to test the Theory of Planned Behavior in the prediction and intention of smoking cessation behavior in university student smokers. We conveniently sampled 204 university student smokers and investigated using questionaries, analyzing the data with the Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple regression. The results are as follows : 1. There are significant correlations in direct and indirect measures of attitude toward smoking cessation behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. 2. Behavior belief is significant in predicting attitudes toward smoking cessation behavior. Normative belief is significant in predicting the subjective norm. Control belief is significant in predicting perceived behavioral control. 3. Attitude toward smoking cessation behavior, subjective norm are significant in predicting intention of smoking cessation behavior. In conclusion, this study demonstrated strong support for the Theory of the Planned Behavior and its use to predict smoking cessation behavior in university students smokers. But, as perceived behavioral control is not significant in predicting smoking cessation behavior, indepth research is needed to evaluate the usefullness of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Reasoned Action Theory.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of school-based preventive education on smoking-related knowledge, attitude and practice of health behaviors among elementary school children at a rural province in Korea. Methods: The subjects were 134 among the 4th -6th graders (exp. = 67, control = 67) from two schools at J province. Education program was conducted in 5-sessions for experimental group. And study instrument for smoking-related knowledge was developed 2-point 15-items (a = .82), for attitude was 3-point 15-items (a = .79), and for practice of health behavior was also 3-point 30-items (a = .86). Data were collected by interview from May 28th to July 10th 2003 and analyzed with the frequency, percentage, x2-test and t-test using SPSS-PC program, Results: The group of having smoking experiences was 14.2% and 52.2% of the subject had smoking family members. The first motive of smoking was curiosity in 78.9% and 36.8% of them started smoking before the third grade. School-based preventive education of smoking were affirmatively effective in smoking-related knowledge (t = 4.14, p = .001), smoking-related attitude (t = 3.654, p = .001), practice of health behavior, on the other hand, was not changed significantly by the education. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the authors recommend that school-based smoking prevention education should be started from lower graders in regular curricular basis and health promotion program for primary school children should be emphasized to lead healthy behavior in collaboration with public and private health sectors in community.