• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.540-547
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• 2015

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, affecting approximately 5% of children. However, the neural mechanisms underlying its development and treatment are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we report that an ADHD mouse model, which harbors a deletion in the Git1 locus, exhibits severe astrocytosis in the globus pallidus (GP) and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which send modulatory GABAergic inputs to the thalamus. A moderate level of astrocytosis was displayed in other regions of the basal ganglia pathway, including the ventrobasal thalamus and cortex, but not in other brain regions, such as the caudate putamen, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampal CA1. This basal ganglia circuit-selective astrocytosis was detected in both in adult (2-3 months old) and juvenile (4 weeks old) $Git1^{\check{s}/\check{s}}$ mice, suggesting a developmental origin. Astrocytes play an active role in the developing synaptic circuit; therefore, we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of synaptic markers. We detected increased and decreased levels of GABA and parvalbumin (PV), respectively, in the GP. This suggests that astrocytosis may alter synaptic transmission in the basal ganglia. Intriguingly, increased GABA expression colocalized with the astrocyte marker, GFAP, indicative of an astrocytic origin. Collectively, these results suggest that defects in basal ganglia circuitry, leading to impaired inhibitory modulation of the thalamus, are neural correlates for the ADHD-associated behavioral manifestations in $Git1^{\check{s}/\check{s}}$ mice.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.241-253
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to identify how th ADHD variable and family variables influence parents' perception of parental role, family functioning. Subjects were 478 preschoolers at the ages of 3-6 and their teachers and parents. The CTRS-10, the PSI, the FACESⅢ were used. The major findings were as follows ; 1) The variables which ae influential in parental strain were shown in order of the social psychological resource variables, the ADHD variable, and the social demographic variables. The sole ADHD variable's influence was high (β=.26***, increased R2=5.4%). 2) The variables which are influential in parental mastery were shown in order of the social psychological resource variables, the ADHD variable, and the social demographic variables. The sole ADHD variable's influence was high(β=.13*, increased R2=1.5%), also. 3) The variables which are influential in family cohesion and adaptability were shown in order of the social psychological resource variables, the social demographic variables. In both family cohesion and adaptability, the sole ADHD variables' influence was insignificant(β=-.08, increased R2=-0.3%, increased R3=-0.3%). Implications to knowledges as well as recommendations for future research are discussed.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

The relationship between central nervous system (CNS) and enuresis has not been sufficiently elucidated despite the presence of several circumstantial evidences. Contrary to common belief, polysomnographic sleep analysis revealed that the disturbance of arousal rather than deep sleep was responsible for enuresis. Subsequent studies confirmed depressed sympathetic tone and retarded brainstem reflex indicating abnormal arousal threshold in enuretics. In accordance with the bladder-brain dialogue, chronic stimulation of bladder may modify the brainstem function elevating arousal threshold. Epidemiological studies have suggested the association between enuresis and various psychosomatic disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which has shown the abnormal brainstem reflex similar to enuresis. Taken together, CNS is assumed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of enuresis. Psychological assessment is vital to understand the psychodynamic effect of enuresis. Studies have shown that the prevalence of psychological problems was higher in enuretic children and externalization of the symptoms was usually found. Several explanations have been brought up regarding the development of enuresis and psychological problems. Enuresis may cause psychological problems and vice versa. Otherwise, both may be associated with other variables, such as socioeconomic status (SES).

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1171-1180
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• 2019

감정은 인간의 상호 작용에서 중요한 역할을 하는 심리 생리학적 과정이다. 감성 컴퓨팅은 감정을 이해하고 조절할 수 있는 인간 인지 인공 지능의 개발하는데 중점을 둔다. 우울증, 자폐증, 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애 및 게임 중독과 같은 정신 질환이 감정과 관련되어 있기 때문에 이러한 분야의 연구가 중요하다. 감정 인식에 대한 노력에도 불구하고, 비정상적인 EEG 신호로부터의 감정 검출은 여전히 높은 수준의 추상화를 요구하기에 정교한 학습 알고리즘이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 EEG 기반으로 효율적인 감정 분류를 위해 LSTM을 위한 최적의 하이퍼파라미터를 파악하고자 다양한 실험을 수행하여 이를 분석한 결과를 제시하였다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.115-126
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• 2009

Objectives The purpose of this study is to introduce oriental medicine music therapy related to the treatment of ADHD. Methods This study observed ADHD from the oriental medical point of view and tried to treat this disease with the oriental medicine music therapy. Results ADHD is caused by excess of Yang energy, flaming-up of fire, blood deficiency of the heart and the spleen, deficiency of the kidney essence, and instability of emotions. The ADHD patients with the case of excess of Yang energy and flaming-up of fire, patients were played Fire-Gi rhythm as a treatment, and they listened to Metal-Gi music. Whereas, the ADHD patient with blood deficiency of the heart and the spleen, invigoration of vital energy music therapy can be used. Another case of ADHD patients with deficiency of the kidney, Water-Gi rhythm and replenishing vital essence music therapy can be used. According to the patients' seven modes of emotions, the proper music should be chosen. Conclusions Oriental medicine music therapy can be a new type of treatment for ADHD patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.396-404
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the level of quality of family life, parental locus of control, and parental sense of competence, and to elucidate factors that influence family quality of life in the mothers of children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD). Method: A convenient sample of mothers from 6 child psychiatric clinics was used in this cross-sectional survey design. Questionnaires used for data collection included the following scales: Family Quality of Life, Parental Locus of Control-Short Form Revised, Parental Sense of Competence. Results: The level of family quality of life was mid-range. A positive relationship was found between Family Quality of Life and the research variables. The significant predictors of family quality of life were parental locus of control, parental sense of competence, and duration of medication and these variables accounted for 21.8% of the variance in family quality of life. Conclusions: These results indicate that family quality of life is an important factor which health care provider should assess and evaluate for children with ADHD and their families. The results of this study suggest that family quality of life is an important link with parental sense of competence and parental locus of control.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.117-128
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ADHD based on estimation of ADHD rating scale between mother-teacher and teacher-teacher. In total, 491 mothers and 23 teachers rated 689 5-year-old children on the K-ADHDDS. Descriptive statistics, in addition to independent and paired samples t-test were performed. Overall, the percentages of children with ADHD on the rating scale were 3% in combined type, 7.1-8.6% in predominately hyperactive-impulsive type, and 4.2% in predominately inattentive type. Boys tended to show greater tendency of ADHD than girls’: Overall, ADHD tendency in boys was 1.3 times greater than girls. Specially, 2.3 times more for hyperactivity, 1.4 times more for impulsivity, and 3.4 more for inattention. The correlation between mothers’ and teachers’ ratings were .35 for total, .40 for hyperactivity, .24 for impulsivity, and .28 for inattention, and there were no significant differences. Alternatively teacher and teacher ratings were .71 for total, .70 for hyperactivity, .70 for impulsivity, and .67 for inattention, and there were significant differences in inattention subscale(p < .01).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 1991

시험불안증을 호소하는 환자 4명의 치료경험을 보고했다. 첫 번째 환자는 가벼운 주의력결핍 증상을 보였는데 이로인해 중학교 2학년때부터 시험불안이 생겼고 학교성적이 떨어졌다. 두 번째 및 세 번째 환자는 남매졌는데 시험불안증은 부모-자녀관계에서부터 온 것으로 판단되었다. 어머니는 아들에게 너무 많은 것을 기대했고 공부를 강요 했으며 가만히 내버려 두지 않았다. 어머니는 사실상 자신의 생활을 포기한채 아들의 공부 감독에 전부를 바쳤으며 딸은 심한 애정결핍을 경험했다. 네 번째 환자는 경계선인격장애를 보였으며 자신을 지나치게 통제하는 부모에 대한 심한 분노와 적개심을 갖고 있었다. 이들 각 환자가 보이는 문제에 따른 각각 다른 치료적 접근을 소개, 논의 했으며 심험불안증과 다양한 정신병리와의 관계가 검토되었다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.102-113
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship among dietary behavior, meal balance, and clinical symptoms related nutritional status and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in preschool children. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects were 3~6 years old preschool children in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into an ADHD dispositions group(n=88) and a normal group(n=129) based on assessments conducted by the children's mother using the Abbreviated Conners's Parent Rating Scale. There was no significant difference in meal frequency, meal speed, meal regularity or meal balance between children with ADHD dispositions and the normal groups. The ADHD disposition group had a higher proportion of children with picky eating(p<0.05), too much snacking(p<0.05) and over eating (p=0.05) habits than the normal group. In addition, the ADHD dispositions group had a higher frequency of clinical symptoms such as 'breathlessness when going up stairs', 'sleeplessness', 'anxiety' and 'tiredness'. Overall, there was a significant relationship between ADHD disposition and dietary problems and clinical symptoms related to poor nutritional status in preschool children. Therefore, to prevent and treat ADHD in preschool children, proper dietary management such as correcting of picky eating, over snacking and overeating is needed.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.105-116
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the present situation for oriental examination and treatment of ADHD by questionnaire. Methods : We surveied oriental clinics which publicized on internet that they run a clinic of ADHD and oriental university hospitals which had a department of Pediatrics or Neurophycholosy. Results : The number of responding that the period of actively attending upon treatment of ADHD children was less than 3 years was 9(60%). The number of responding that in these 3 months, the number of ADHD children visiting clinics were under ten was 8(53.3%). The number of responding that the average age of ADHD children visiting clinics were 7 to 10 years old were 10(66.7%). The number of responding that they assessed diagnosis of ADHD children were 7(46.7%). The number of responding that they assessed oriental medical examination to ADHD children were 9(60%). The number of responding that the most effective treatment to ADHD children was Herbal Medicine was 10(66.7%). The number of responding that the interval of treatment of ADHD was 1 to 3 months was 9(60%). Conclusions : Recently oriental medical treatments for ADHD has been attempted. Treatment methods were herbal medicine, acupuncture, parents education, etc. But further studies are needed.