• 제목/요약/키워드: atom transfer radical polymerization

검색결과 72건 처리시간 0.022초

A Multisegmented Polystyrene with pH-Cleavable Linkages

  • Kang, Tae-Hyeon;Lee, Hyung-Il
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제35권9호
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    • pp.2694-2698
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    • 2014
  • A multisegmented polystyrene (PS) with pH-cleavable ester and carbamate linkages was successfully synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azide and alkynes (click chemistry). ATRP was employed to synthesize polystyrene from hydroxyl-terminated initiator using CuBr/N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as the catalyst. The reaction of the resulting PS with sodium azide yielded the azido-terminated polymer. The hydroxyl group in the other end of the polymer was reacted with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate (NPC), followed by reaction with propargylamine to produce an alkyne end group with a carbamate linkage. The PS with an alkyne group in one end and an azide group in the other end was then self-coupled in the presence of CuBr/2,2'-bipyridyl (bpy) in DMF to yield a desired multisegmented PS. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the self-coupled polymer increased with time, as in the typical step-growth-type polymerization processes. Finally, we demonstrated that the ester and carbamate linkages of the multisegmented PS were hydrolyzed in the presence of HCl to yield individual PS chains.

Drug Release Behavior of Poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone )-b-Poly( acrylic acid) Shell Crosslinked Micelles below the Critical Micelle Concentration

  • Hong Sung Woo;Kim Keon Hyeong;Huh June;Ahn Cheol-Hee;Jo Won Ho
    • Macromolecular Research
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    • 제13권5호
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    • pp.397-402
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    • 2005
  • To explore the potential of shell crosslinked micelle (SCM) as a drug carrier, the drug release behavior of poly($\varepsilon$-caprolactone)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PCL-b-PAA) SCMs was investigated. PCL-b-PAA was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of $\varepsilon$-caprolactone and atom transfer radical polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate, followed by selective hydrolysis of tert-butyl ester groups to acrylic acid groups. The resulting amphiphilic polymer was used to prepare SCMs by crosslinking of PAA corona via amidation chemistry. The drug release behavior of the SCMs was studied, using pyrene as a model drug, and was compared with that of non-crosslinked micelles, especially below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). When the shell layers were crosslinked, the drug release behavior of the SCMs was successfully modulated at a controlled rate compared with that of the non-crosslinked micelles, which showed a burst release of drug within a short time.

4-Arm 스타형과 선형 블록 공중합체의 구리 프탈로시아닌 분산 연구 (4-Arm Star Shaped and Linear Block Copolymers for Copper Phthalocyanine Dispersion)

  • 김병재;정종화;정지혜;김봉수;정기석;백현종
    • 폴리머
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    • 제38권5호
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    • pp.671-675
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구에서는 잘 규정된 4-arm 스타형 및 선형 고분자를 합성하여 구조에 따른 구리 프탈로시아닌(CuPc)의 분산 안정성을 비교하였다. 분산제는 (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate(DMAEMA)와 poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate(PEGMA)를 사용하여 activators generated by electron transfer(AGET) 원자이동라디칼중합법(ATRP)으로 합성하였다. 합성된 고분자는 젤투과 크로마토그래피(GPC)와 핵자기 공명 분광법(NMR)을 사용하여 합성한 고분자들의 분자량 및 단량체의 조성을 결정하였다. 4-Arm 스타형 고분자 및 선형 고분자 분산제에서 stabilizing group인 PEGMA의 중합도를 조절하여 copper phthalocyanine(CuPc)의 분산 안정성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. PEGMA의 DP가 130인 4-arm 스타형 고분자를 사용한 경우 $25^{\circ}C$에서 7일 동안 CuPc의 분산상이 안정적으로 유지되었다.

PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체를 이용한 다공성 $TiO_2$ 박막의 합성 및 염료감응 태양전지 응용 (Synthesis of Porous $TiO_2$ Thin Films Using PVC-g-PSSA Graft Copolymer and Their Use in Dye-sensitized Solar Cells)

  • 변수진;서진아;지원석;설용건;김종학
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.193-200
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    • 2011
  • 원자전달 라디칼 중합(ATRP)에 의해 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) 주사슬과 poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) 곁사슬로 되어있는 양쪽성 PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체를 합성하였다. PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체 고분자를 템플레이트로 사용하고 졸겔법을 적용하여, 결정성 아타네제상의 미세기공 이산화티타튬 필름을 제조하였다. $TiO_2$ 전구체인 TTIP를 친수성인 PSSA 영역과 선택적으로 작용시켜 $TiO_2$ 메조기공 필름을 성장하였으며, 이를 주사전자 현미경 (SEM)과 엑스레이회절 (XRD)분석을 통해 분석하였다. 스핀코팅 횟수와 P25 도입에 따른 염료감응 태양전지 성능을 체계적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과 준고체 고분자 전해질을 이용하였을 때, 100 mW/$cm^2$ 조건에서 에너지 변환 효율이 2.7%에 이르렀다.

가소화된 Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-Poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) 가지형 고분자 전해질막 제조 및 분석 (Preparation and Characterization of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-Poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) Graft Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes)

  • 서진아;고종관;고주환;김종학
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.222-228
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    • 2011
  • Poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (PVC-g-POEM) 가지형 공중합체를 원자전달라디칼 중합을 통해 합성하여 전기변색소자의 전해질에 적용하였다. 가소화된 고분자 전해질은 가소제로서 propylene carbonate (PC)/ethylene carbonate (EC) 혼합물을 도입하여 제조하였으며, Lithium tetrafluoroborate ($LiBF_4$), lithium perchlorate ($LiClO_4$), lithium iodide (LiI) and lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI)를 사용하여 염의 종류에 따른 영향을 조사하였다. 광각 x-선 산란(WAXS)과 시차주사 열량법(DSC) 측정 결과 고분자 전해질의 구조와 유리전이온도($T_g$)가 변하였고, 이는 POEM 내의 에테르의 산소와 리튬염 사이의 상호작용으로 인해 변했다는 것을 FT-IR 분광법을 통하여 확인하였다. 투과전자현미경(TEM) 측정 결과 PVC-g-POEM 가지형 공중합체의 미세상분리 구조가 PC/EC와 리튬염의 도입에도 변하지 않는 것을 관찰하였다. 가소화된 고분자 전해질은 poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) 전도성 고분자를 이용한 전기변색소자에 적용되었다.

PVC-g-PSSA가지형 공중합체와 헤테로폴리산을 이용한 수소이온 전도성 복합 전해질막 (Proton Conducting Composite Membranes Consisting of PVC-g-PSSA Graft Copolymer and Heteropolyacid)

  • 김종학;고종관;최진규;연승현;안익성;박진원
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.96-103
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구에서는 poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)가지형 공중합체 전해질과 헤테로폴리산(HPA)을 이용하여 유무기 합성 전해질막을 제조하였다. poly(vinyl chloride)-g-poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PVC-g-PSSA)는 PVC의 이차 염소의 직접적인 개시를 이용한 atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)로 합성하였다. 이때, HPA 나노입자는 수소 결합을 통해 PVC-g-PSSA 가지형 공중합체와 결합하는 것을 FT-IR spectroscopy를 통하여 확인하였다. 전해질막의 수소이온 전도도는 HPA의 질량 분율이 0.3이 될 때까지 상온에서 0.049에서 0.068 S/cm로 증가하였다. 이것은 HPA 나노입자 고유의 전도도와 가지형 공중합체가 가지고 있는 술폰산의 강화된 산도 때문이라고 추정된다. 합습률은 HPA의 질량 분율이 0.45까지 증가할수록 130에서 84%로 감소하였다. 이것은 HPA나노입자와 고분자 메트릭스 사이의 수소 결합의 상호작용 때문에 물을 흡수하는 site의 수가 감소한 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 열중량 분석결과 HPA의 농도가 증가할수록 전해질막의 열적 안정성이 강화된다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Polystyrene-b-Poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) 블록 공중합체를 이용한 무가습 고분자 전해질막 (Anhydrous Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Prepared From Polystyrene-b-Poly (hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) Block Copolymer)

  • 김종학;서진아;이도경;노동규;설용건
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.302-309
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    • 2009
  • 원자전달 라디칼 중합을 이용하여 polystyrene-b-poly (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PHEMA) 블록 공중합체를 합성한 뒤, 블록 공중합체의 -OH 그룹과 이미다졸 디카르복실릭산 (IDA)의 -COOH 그룹과의 에스테르 반응에 의하여 가교된 전해질막을 제조하였다. 인산($H_3PO_4$)을 도핑하여 이미다졸-인산 착체를 형성한 결과, 인산 함량이 증가함에 따라 공중합체 전해질막의 수소 이온 전도도가 계속 증가하였다. 또한 인장강도와 인장률 모두 인산 함량에 따라 증가하였다. 특히 [HEMA]: [IDA]:[$H_3PO_4$] = 3:4:4의 조성을 갖는 PS-b-PHEMA/IDA/$H_3PO_4$ 블록 공중합체 전해질막은 $100^{\circ}C$의 비가습 조건에서 최대 0.01 S/cm의 수소이온 전도도를 나타내었다. 열분석(TGA) 실험을 통하여 전해질막은 $350^{\circ}C$의 고온까지 열적으로 안정함을 확인하였다.

Thermosensitive Block Copolymers Consisting of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and Star Shape Oligo(ethylene oxide)

  • Lee, Seung-Cheol;Chang, Ji-Young
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제30권7호
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    • pp.1521-1525
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    • 2009
  • Thermosensitive block copolymers of ethylene oxide and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) were synthesized. A five armed star shape oligo(ethylene oxide) initiator with a cyclotriphosphazene core was prepared and used for the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of NIPAM. The lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) of the copolymers were 36 to 46 ${^{\circ}C}$, higher than that of PNIPAM (32 ${^{\circ}C}$), depending on their molecular weights. The copolymers were soluble in water below the LCSTs but formed micelles above the LCSTs. The thermosensitive micellization behaviors of the polymers were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy. With increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution of P2 and pyrene above the LCST, the peak of 333 nm red-shifted to appear around 339 nm and its intensity increased significantly, indicating the micelle formation. The transfer of pyrene into the micelles was also confirmed by a confocal laser scanning microscope. The fluorescence image obtained from P2 in an aqueous pyrene solution exhibited a green emission resulting from the pyrene transferred into the micelles. Salt effects on the solubility of the copolymers in an aqueous solution were investigated. The LCST of P2 decreased sharply as the concentration of sodium chloride increased, while decreased slowly with potassium chloride.

Templated Formation of Silver Nanoparticles Using Amphiphilic Poly(epichlorohydrine-g-styrene) Film

  • Park, Jung-Tae;Koh, Joo-Hwan;Seo, Jin-Ah;Roh, Dong-Kyu;Kim, Jong-Hak
    • Macromolecular Research
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    • 제17권5호
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    • pp.301-306
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    • 2009
  • This work has demonstrated that a novel amphiphilic poly(epichlorohydrine)-graft-polystyrene (PECH-g-PS) copolymer at 34:66 wt% was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene using PECH as a macroinitiator. The structure of the graft copolymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$ NMR) and FTIR spectroscopy, demonstrating that the "grafting from" method using ATRP was successful. The self-assembled graft copolymer was used as a template film for the in-situ growth of silver nanoparticles from $AgCF_3SO_3$ precursor under UV irradiation. The in situ formation of silver nanoparticles with 6-8 nm in average size in the solid state template film was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also displayed the selective incorporation and the in situ formation of silver nanoparticles within the hydrophilic PECH domains, probably due to stronger interaction of the silvers with the ether oxygens of PECH backbone than that with hydrophobic PS side chains.

Preparation of Porous TiO2 Thin Films by Poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and Their Applications to Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

  • Yeon, Seung-Hyeon;Patel, Rajkumar;Koh, Jong-Kwan;Ahn, Sung-Hoon;Kim, Jong-Hak
    • 전기화학회지
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    • 제14권2호
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2011
  • Mesoporous titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) thin films were prepared using poly(vinyl chloride)-graft-poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVC-g-PVP) as a templating agent via sol-gel process. Grafting of PVC chains from PVC backbone was done by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) technique. The successful grafting of PVP to synthesize PVC-g-PVP was checked by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The carbonyl group interaction of PVC-g-PVP graft copolymer with $TiO_2$ was confirmed by FT-IR. The porous morphologies of the $TiO_2$ films genereated after calcination at $450^{\circ}C$ was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mesoporous $TiO_2$ films with 580 nm in thickness were used as a photoelectrode for solid state dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and showed an energy conversion efficiency of 1.05% at 100 $mW/cm^2$.