• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.193-201
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to find out the effect of packing methods on physico-chemical properties of breast and thigh meats in chicken, which was dried by air spray chilling method. The chicken carcass was cut into breast and thigh muscles, which were either vacuum packed or atmosphere packed, and stored at -2O˚C for 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 wk after quick freezing at -45˚C for 35 min. The pH values of atmosphere-packed breast meat and vacuum-packed breast meat after one wk of storage were higher than those of atmosphere-packed thigh meat and vacuum-packed thigh meat(P< .05). The pH values increased as storage period extended, but no significant difference was detected between two packing method(vacuum vs. atmosphere). Total moisture contents of breast meats after one wk of storage were higher than those of thigh meats. The total moisture contents decreased slowly as storage period extended, but no significant difference was detected between two packing method(vacuum vs. atmosphere). The shear force value of thigh meat was higher than that of breast meat. The shear force values of both meats decreased as storage period extended, regardless of packing method. The water soluble protein extractability of thigh meats was higher than that of breast meat, and the water soluble protein extractability of all treatments decreased until 8 wk after storage, but increased gradually after 8 wk of storage period. The salt soluble protein extractability of breast meat was higher than that of thigh meat, and the salt soluble protein extractability of all treatments decreased as storage period extended. With regard to the packing method, the vacuum packing showed higher value than that of atmosphere packing method until 8 wk of storage. Total lipid contents of atmosphere- and vacuum-packed thigh meats at 1 wk of storage were higher than those of breast meats, and the total lipid contents of all of treatments decreased as storage period extended. However, no significant difference was detected between two packing methods. The fatty acid contents of breast and thigh meats were in order of o1eic(33,5~42.4), palmitic(19.7~30.8) and linoleic acid(10.8~17.4).

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1260-1266
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• 1996

The effects of SiO2 MnO2 and sintering atmospheres (O2, N2) on the piezoelectric properties and densification behaviors of Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 were investigated. The addition of SiO2 to the system enhanced the rate of densification but supressed the rate of grain growth. On the other hand the addition of MnO2 to the system did not nearly affect the rate of densification but increased slightly the rate of grain growth The densification of Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 containing of SiO2 or MnO2 was promoted with increasing the partial pressure of O2. The relative dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$r) and piezoelectric constant (d33) of Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 containing of SiO2 or MnO2 sintered under O2 atmosphere were higher than under N2 atmosphere. Whereas the mechanical quality factor (Qm) of specimens sintered under O2 atmosphere were lower than under N2 atmosphere. Thus the sintering atmosphere of O2 and N2 in Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 containing of SiO2 or MnO2 acted as donor and acceptor respectively. As the amount of SiO2 increased the relative dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$r) and piezoelectric constant (d33) of Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 but the mechanical quality factor (Qm) did not nearly change, In the case of the addition of MnO2 to the system the relative dielectric constant ($\varepsilon$r) and piezoelectric constant (d33) of Pb0.98Cd0.02Zr0.36Ti0.39Ni0.083Nb0.167O3 sintered under O2 atmosphere decreased rapidly with increasing the amount of MnO2 but they were unchanged with increasing the amount of MnO2 under N2 sintering atmosphere. Therefore the differences of the relative dielect-ric constant ($\varepsilon$r) and piezoelectric constant (d33) due to sintering atmosphere were diminished as the amount of MnO2 increased.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.254-268
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to determine the relative importance of restaurant attributes, preference in choosing a restaurant and to find out differences between segments. The web survey was conducted among 400 customers(aged from 20~39 years old) who lived in Seoul and Kyunggi, Incheon Province, from the period of August 23 to September 4, 2009. The statistical data analyses were performed using SPSS/WIN 12.0 for the conjoint analysis. The main results of this study were as follows : according to the analysis on the attributes and the levels of restaurants, the relative importance of restaurant attributes was assessed in taste (43.46%), price(27.62%), restaurant type(18.49%) and atmosphere(10.44%). Differences were found among three segments by the cluster analysis. Relative importance of restaurant attributes was assessed in price (45.96%), restaurant type(40.00%), taste(11.93%) and atmosphere(2.11%) in segment 1, taste(50.93%), price (33.37%), restaurant type(10.75%) and atmosphere(4.95%) in segment 2 and taste(56.24%), restaurant type (22.60%), price(14.06%) and atmosphere(7.10%) in segment 3. The results of the conjoint analysis indicated that customers preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced 10,000~20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of family restaurant'. The customers in segment 1 preferred a restaurant with 'not tasty food & simple menu', 'food priced more than 20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of fine-dining restaurant'. The customers in segments 2 preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced less than 10,000 won', 'exciting atmosphere' and 'the type of fine-dining restaurant' and the customers in segments 3 preferred a restaurant with 'tasty food & various menu items', 'food priced 10,000~20,000 won', 'calm atmosphere' and 'the type of family restaurant'.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.35-41
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• 1998

The $WS_2$ solid lubricant synthesized through the vapour phase transport method was coated on the commercial bearing steel (SUJ 2) substrate, and the tribological behaviour of the lubricant was investigated using a ball-on-disk type tester. The $WS_2$ powder was spray-coated at room temperature using compressed air, and the change of friction coefficient was examined in various conditions, i.e., specimen configuration, atmosphere (air and nitrogen), applied load and rotating speed. $WS_2$ coated ball and disk showed the optimum friction coefficient of 0.07 and wear life of 45,000 cycles in the nitrogen atmosphere under 0.3 kgf and 100 rpm, whereas relatively high coefficient of 0.13 and reduced wear life of 4,000 cycles were observed in air atmosphere. The effect of rotating speed on the friction coefficient was not observed both in nitrogen and in air atmospheres. This confirmed that the spray-coated $WS_2$ solid lubricant was effective in reducing the friction coefficient and improving wear life in nitrogen atmosphere, and the oxygen and moisture existing in air could seriously deteriorate the lubrication effect of $WS_2$ coating layer.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.698-705
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• 2008

When electromagnetic waves propagate through atmosphere, waves are affected by various factors. Atmosphere normally consists of different molecular species, water vapours, rain, fog, snow and small suspended particles called aerosols. The distributions of atmosphere molecules, water vapours, rain rate, snowfall and aerosol are dependent on geometrical regions or environment. In order to predict propagation characteristics in atmospheric environment, statistical analysis of the relevant parameters such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, areosol and rainfall is crucial. In this paper, we performed a long-term statistical analysis for the atmospheric parameters in domestic environments and analyzed the propagation characteristics through atmosphere based on that.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 2020

Al-laminated packaging film incorporating ascorbic acid or tocopherol at inner food contact layer was tested in the potential to improve antioxidative preservation of powdered infant formula under CO₂-enriched atmosphere. Product of 200 g was packaged with the packaging film containing 0.3% antioxidant in sealant layer of low density polyethylene and stored at 30℃ for 286 days with periodic measurement of package atmosphere and product's quality attributes. The CO₂-flushed package resulted in shrinkage of tight contact between the product and the film not allowing gas sampling of package atmosphere after 140 days. Package of tocopherol-incorporated film allowed some ingress of oxygen after 112 days presumably due to its weakening of heat-seal area. The increased oxygen concentration in the tocopherol-added film package led to the concomitant increase of peroxide value, an index of lipid oxidation. On the other hand, packaging of ascorbic acid-added film pouch could suppress lipid oxidation marginally in consistent manner compared to control package without any antioxidant.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2007

We report photometric features of the HB, MSTO, and SGB for a set of metal-poor Galactic globular clusters on the near-IR CMDs. The magnitude and color of the MSTO and SGB are measured on the fiducial normal points of the CMDs by applying a polynomial fit. The near-IR luminosity functions of horizontal branch stars in the classical second parameter pair M3 and M13 indicate that HB stars in M13 are dominated by hot stars that are rotatively faint in the infrared, whereas HB stars in M3 are brighter than those in M13. The luminosity functions of HB stars in the observed bulge clusters, except for NGC 6717, show a trend that the fainter hot HB stars are dominated in the relatively metal-poor clusters while the relatively metal-rich clusters contain the brighter HB stars. It is suggestive that NGC 6717 would be an extreme example of the second-parameter phenomenon for the bulge globular clusters.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 2014

Since the operation of the King Sejong Station (KSS) started in Antarctic Peninsula in 1989, there have been continuous efforts to perform the observation for the upper atmosphere. The observations during the initial period of the station include Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) and Michelson Interferometer for the mesosphere and thermosphere, which are no longer in operation. In 2002, in collaboration with York University, Canada, the Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI) was installed to observe the temperature in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region and it has still been producing the mesopause temperature data until present. The observation was extended by installing the meteor radar in 2007 to observe the neutral winds and temperature in the MLT region during the day and night in collaboration with Chungnam National University. We also installed the all sky camera in 2008 to observe the wave structures in the MLT region. All these observations are utilized to study on the physical characteristics of the MLT region and also on the wave phenomena such as the tide and gravity wave in the upper atmosphere over KSS that is well known for the strong gravity wave activity. In this article, brief introductions for the currently operating instruments at KSS will be presented with their applications for the study of the upper atmosphere.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2011

The selective surface oxidation of a transformation-induced-plasticity (TRIP) steel containing 1.6 wt.% Mn and 1.5 wt.% Si during annealing at $800^{\circ}C$ was investigated for its influence on the formation of an inhibition layer during hot-dip galvanizing. The selective oxidation of the alloying elements and the oxide morphology were significantly influenced by the annealing atmosphere. The pure $N_{2}$ atmosphere with a dew point $-40^{\circ}C$ promoted the selective oxidation of Mn as a crystalline $Mn_{2}SiO_{4}$ phase, whereas the $N_{2}$ + 10% $H_{2}$ atmosphere with the same dew point $-40^{\circ}C$ promoted the selective oxidation of Si as an amorphous Si-rich oxide phase. During hot-dip galvanizing, the $Mn_{2}SiO_{4}$ phase was reduced more readily by Al in the Zn bath than the Si-rich oxide phase. Consequently, the pure $N_{2}$ atmosphere resulted in a higher formation rate of $Fe_{2}Al_{5}$ particles at the Zn/steel interface and better galvanizability than the $N_{2}$ + 10% $H_{2}$ atmosphere.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.84-91
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• 2008

The spectral radiance received by a remote sensor at a given temperature and wavelength region is consisted of the self-emitted component directly from the object surface, the reflected component of the solar irradiation at the object surface, and the scattered component by the atmosphere without ever reaching the object surface. The IR image of a ship is mainly affected by location, meteorological condition(atmosphere temperature, wind direction and velocity, humidity etc.), atmospheric transmittance, solar position and ship surface temperature etc. Computer simulations for prediction of the IR signatures of ships are very useful to examine the effects of various meteorological conditions. In this paper, we have acquired the IR signature for different meteorological conditions by using two different computer programs. The numerical results show that the IR image contrast as compared to the background sea considering the atmosphere temperature and wind velocity.