• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.77 no.6
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• pp.237-242
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• 2014

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway that comprises a variety of etiologies and inflammatory phenotypes. Clinically, there is a wide range of patients with varying severities and responses to individual drugs. The introduction of inhaled corticosteroid therapy has dramatically changed the treatment of asthma. Recent development of new therapies suggests the possibility of another breakthrough. These can be categorized as follows: anti-cytokine therapies that usually target eosinophilic inflammation, sublingual immunotherapy, and bronchial thermoplasty. In this paper, we will review the major articles related to asthma treatment that were published in 2013.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.261-268
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• 2008

The role of atypical bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of asthma is a subject of continuing debate. There is an increasing body of literature concerning the association between the atypical bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) and asthma pathogenesis. Moreover, many studies investigating such a link have been uncontrolled and have provided conflicting evidence, in part due to the difficulty in accurately diagnosing infection with these atypical pathogens. This manuscript will review the relationship between M. pneumoniae infection and asthma pathogenesis.

• Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.571-574
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• 2018

• Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.628-647
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• 2018

Purpose: Obesity is associated with metabolic dysregulation, but the underlying metabolic signatures involving clinical and inflammatory profiles of obese asthma are largely unexplored. We aimed at identifying the metabolic signatures of obese asthma. Methods: Eligible subjects with obese (n = 11) and lean (n = 22) asthma underwent body composition and clinical assessment, sputum induction, and blood sampling. Sputum supernatant was assessed for interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, -4, -5, -6, -13, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and serum was detected for leptin, adiponectin and C-reactive protein. Untargeted gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS)-based metabolic profiles in sputum, serum and peripheral blood monocular cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by orthogonal projections to latent structures-discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) and pathway topology enrichment analysis. The differential metabolites were further validated by correlation analysis with body composition, and clinical and inflammatory profiles. Results: Body composition, asthma control, and the levels of $IL-1{\beta}$, -4, -13, leptin and adiponectin in obese asthmatics were significantly different from those in lean asthmatics. OPLS-DA analysis revealed 28 differential metabolites that distinguished obese from lean asthmatic subjects. The validation analysis identified 18 potential metabolic signatures (11 in sputum, 4 in serum and 2 in PBMCs) of obese asthmatics. Pathway topology enrichment analysis revealed that cyanoamino acid metabolism, caffeine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway in sputum, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway in serum are suggested to be significant pathways related to obese asthma. Conclusions: GC-TOF-MS-based metabolomics indicates obese asthma is characterized by a metabolic profile different from lean asthma. The potential metabolic signatures indicated novel immune-metabolic mechanisms in obese asthma with providing more phenotypic and therapeutic implications, which needs further replication and validation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 2012

Objective: We performed this study to determine the association between childhood asthma and residential environment risk factors including VOCs and formaldehyde exposure. Methods: We selected an asthma group (30) and a control gorup (30) through physicain diagnosis and assessed the VOCs and formaldehyde levels of exposure of elementary school children in Seoul. Results: In the results, there were no significant differences in socioeconomic factors between case and control groups. However, there were significant differences in family asthma history, amount of sunlight, level of humidity and number of household residents (p < 0.05). The level of VOC (toluene, ethylbenzene, stylene, m,p-xylene) exposure level of the case group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05) and the result of logistic regression showed that asthma family history, amount of humidity and number of household residents were significant predictors of childhood asthma (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Some residential environments such as lower amounts of sunlight, greater amounts of humidity and smaller numbers of household residents and VOC exposure were determinded as risk factors for childhood asthma.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.34-45
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• 1994

The author reviewed psychosomatic aspects of bronchial asthma including psychological aspect of bronchial asthma, patients' reactions to illness, reactions of therapists and families, effect of bronchial asthma on mental function, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. The therapists' understanding of these aspects is likely to be helpful in their predicting and understanding the type of adaptation their asthmatic patients are making to their illness. Thus, the therapists need to recognize the asthmatics' psychological needs. They also should understand the vicious cycle of anxiety-hyperventilation-panic-fear-avoidance in patients with bronchial asthma and should try to break this cycle. To make it possible, the patients' panic-fear level should be assessed and sometimes it will require psychiatrists' advice. On the other hand, the asthmatics should be trained to be shaped to relate subjective feeling of pulmonary function with objective pulmonary measures, which will enable these patients to perceive their early symptoms and to cope with asthma attack effectively. The therapists need to pay attention to their emotion during evaluation and treatment of patients with bronchial asthma, because they are less likely to perceive stress and express their emotion.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop an asthma management education program for preschool children using Roy's adaptation theory as a framework and examining the effects of this program on adaptation to asthma treatment. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-post-test design was used with 43 preschool children diagnosed with asthma and required to be hospitalized for inhalation therapy. An intervention group (n=23) participated in the educational program and a control group (n=20) received regular treatment. The education program was conducted and evaluated from June 30 to October 31 2012, a maximum 3 times every 24 hours during hospitalization. Two nurses conducted the program using the teaching method of Gagn$\acute{e}$ and Briggs; instruction design theory through questionnaires to measure perception of disease, behavior of adaptation to treatment with inhalation therapy. Results: Effects of asthma management education program; scores for face-pain rating decreased and time of adaptation to treatment increased significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group but no significant differences were found for perception of the disease's cause and treatment. Conclusion: Results indicate that the asthma management education program has positive effects on adaptation to asthma treatment of preschoolers.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.230-237
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in elementary school students according to the body mass index. Methods: This study was conducted as cross-sectional descriptive research using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 6,398 students at 15 elementary schools located in Y City in Korea. The cross-sectional survey used the Korean version of International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios of body mass index. Results: The symptom prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis in the last 12 months was 12.4%, 49.5%, and 24.5%, respectively. The symptom prevalence of asthma was significantly higher in the obesity group. The number of those without any asthma symptom in lifetime was significantly smaller in the overweight (OR=0.70, p=.004) and obesity (OR=0.57, p=.005) groups than in the healthy weight group. Conclusion: These results suggest that asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis prevention programs for elementary school students should include weight control intervention.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.36-44
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to arrange the acupuncture therapy on the asthma from the oriental medical literature. The results obtained as follows. 1. The cause of the asthma is the intrinsic factors and the over-sensitive reactions. The decreased function of the lung and the kidney are chronically affected to the asthma. 2. The typical sign of the asthma is tachypnea and wheezes to be heard throughout the lung field, particularly during expiration. 3. Bladder meridian, Conception vessel, and Lung meridian used frequently for the acupuncture therapy, and Bladder meridian, Conception vessel, Stomach meridian, and Lung meridian used frequently for the moxibusrion on the asthma. The acupuncture points of Lung meridian used most frequently on the asthma, but the acupuncture points of Heart meridian have not used. 4. Acupuncture point at B13, CV22, LI4, CV12, CV17, 536, B12 used used frequently for the acupuncture therapy, and the acupuncture point at B13, CV22, B12, CV17, B43 used frequently for the moxibustion on the asthma Particularly B13 and CV22 used most frequently for the acupuncture therapy on the asthma.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.184-191
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• 2003

Background : Nowadays asthma is considered to be an inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary eosinophilia. Production of cytokines by bronchial epithelial cells may contribution to the local accumulation of inflammatory cells in patients with bronchial asthma. Chungsangboha-tang is the herbal treatment of choice in persistent asthma patients. It has been recognized that cessation of treatment with Chungsangboha-tang evokes a recurrence of symptoms in patients with controlled asthma. This study was designed to evaluate the long-term effect of Chungsangboha-tang. Materials and Methods : The subjects consisted of 24 patients with asthma who had been treated with Chungsangboha-tang for four weeks. Chungsangboha-tang is an herbal decoction which has been used as the traditional therapeutic agent for asthma. PFT, QLQAKA, blood eosinophils, serum IgE, Serum IL-4, IL-5, $IFN-{\gamma}$ were checked before treatment, before withdrawal and 3 months after cessation of treatment with Chungsangboha-tang. Results : Treatment with Chungsangboha-tang for four weeks resulted in significant increase in FEV1.0%, PEFR%, and QLQAKA. The patients were treated with Chungsangboha-tang for four weeks with no significant difference in the blood eosinophils, serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-5. The serum $IFN-{\gamma}$ in asthmatic patients decreased significantly after 4 weeks of treatment. Discontinuation of treatment with Chungsangboha-tang resulted in significant drops in QLQAKA. Others measures in asthmatic patients 3 months after discontinuation of treatment with Chungsangboha-tang showed no significant difference. Conclusion : This study demonstrates that asthma can be exacerbated by discontinuation of treatment with Chungsangboha-tang in patients with asthma. Obviously further research concerning this is still necessary.