• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.62
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• pp.30-50
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• 2013

Exploring the relationship between body and technology in gender studies, this paper argues that 'being women' as an analytical concept is not fixed but progressing, that is, 'becoming women.' In the age of neo-liberalism, gender and identity politics raised critical questions regarding the relations between women and technology. Understanding these dynamic relations asks us to reconsider the concept of 'body.' Thus, this study begins with a review of the discourses of body in feminism and gender studies. Then, it continues to the meaning of technology in body and gender relations, arguing that body is the discursive and material site where gender identity and being are simultaneously constructed. An introduction of cyberfeminism, which focuses on the triangular relations among body, gender, and technology follows, discussing the significance of technology in 'becoming women.' Finally, it is argued that finding the meanings of technology in becoming women requires reconsidering the discursive and performative construction of body. 'Becoming women' can be achieved through exploration of the articulations and processes of body, gender and technology, which allows us to figure out the (re)construction of gender identity.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.3 s.178
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• pp.301-328
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• 2006

The geology of the Tumbang Mirih area in the Middle Kalimantan, Indonesia comprises Permian to Carboniferous Pinoh Metamorphic Rocks and Cretaceous Sepauk Plutonics of the Sunda Shield, late Eocene Tanjung Formation, Oligocene Malasan Volcanics, Oligocene to early Miocene Sintang Intrusives and Quaternary alluvium. Results of geochemical exploration and geological mapping exposed obviously that large amounts of gold-bearing quartz veins were found in the whole Tumbang Mirih areas. In many places, gold grains were megascopically detectable from panning products of stream sediments and conglomerate as Quaternary sediments. Even though no remnants of quartz veins are revealed in the most of survey area except Taran region, association of fold grains with layers of quartz pebbles and clays which correspond to the horizon of unconformity or previous river bottom indicates that the gold grains were separated from quartz veins. Along rivers often pebbles and clay layers just over or 10 to 20cm above the current waterlevel are recognized. The occurrence of gold in the conglomeratic layer was frequently confirmed during geochemical exploration. Since the conglomeratic layer was old stream sediments of Quaternary, it can be assumed that deposition of golds was controlled by shape of river floor, speed and shape of river flow, and distance from the source rock. Taran area and northern Takaoi area based on the all data are recommended as the promising areas.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.290-297
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• 2015

Based on the place of its origin, pear tree (Pyrus spp.) is largely divided into European pears (P. communis, cultivated mainly in Europe and the U.S.) and Asian pears (P. pyrifolia, P. bretschneideri, and P. ussuriensis, distributed and grown in East Asian countries including China, Japan, and Korea). Most pear trees have 17 chromosomes (diploidy, 2n=2x=34). Their genetic studies and precise cultivar breeding are highly restricted by conditions such as self-incompatibility controlled by S-locus and juvenility as one major character of fruit crops. Genetic studies on Pyrus have been promoted by the development of various molecular markers. These markers are being utilized actively in various genetic studies, including genetic relationship analysis, genetic mapping, and QTL analysis. In addition, research on pear genetic linkage maps has been extended to studies for the identification of QTL for target traits such as disease resistance and genetic loci of useful traits. NGS technology has radically reduced sequencing expenses based on massive parallel reactions to enable high-capacity and high-efficiency. NGS based genome analyses have been completed for Chinese pear 'Danshansuli' and European pear 'Bartlett'. In Korea, GWAS for agricultural valuable traits such as floral structure, ripening, and total soluble contents have been conducted through resequencing. GBS has been performed for 'Whangkeumbae', 'Cheongsilri', and 'Minibae'.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.880-884
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• 2001

Rumen microbiology research has undergone several evolutionary steps: the isolation and nutritional characterization of readily cultivated microbes; followed by the cloning and sequence analysis of individual genes relevant to key digestive processes; through to the use of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) sequences for a cultivation-independent examination of microbial diversity. Our knowledge of rumen microbiology has expanded as a result, but the translation of this information into productive alterations of ruminal function has been rather limited. For instance, the cloning and characterization of cellulase genes in Escherichia coli has yielded some valuable information about this complex enzyme system in ruminal bacteria. SSU rRNA analyses have also confirmed that a considerable amount of the microbial diversity in the rumen is not represented in existing culture collections. However, we still have little idea of whether the key, and potentially rate-limiting, gene products and (or) microbial interactions have been identified. Technologies allowing high throughput nucleotide and protein sequence analysis have led to the emergence of two new fields of investigation, genomics and proteomics. Both disciplines can be further subdivided into functional and comparative lines of investigation. The massive accumulation of microbial DNA and protein sequence data, including complete genome sequences, is revolutionizing the way we examine microbial physiology and diversity. We describe here some examples of our use of genomics- and proteomics-based methods, to analyze the cellulase system of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and explore the genome of Ruminococcus albus 8. At Illinois, we are using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors to create libraries containing large (>75 kbases), contiguous segments of DNA from R. flavefaciens FD-1. Considering that every bacterium is not a candidate for whole genome sequencing, BAC libraries offer an attractive, alternative method to perform physical and functional analyses of a bacterium's genome. Our first plan is to use these BAC clones to determine whether or not cellulases and accessory genes in R. flavefaciens exist in clusters of orthologous genes (COGs). Proteomics is also being used to complement the BAC library/DNA sequencing approach. Proteins differentially expressed in response to carbon source are being identified by 2-D SDS-PAGE, followed by in-gel-digests and peptide mass mapping by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry, as well as peptide sequencing by Edman degradation. At Ohio State, we have used a combination of functional proteomics, mutational analysis and differential display RT-PCR to obtain evidence suggesting that in addition to a cellulosome-like mechanism, R. albus 8 possesses other mechanisms for adhesion to plant surfaces. Genome walking on either side of these differentially expressed transcripts has also resulted in two interesting observations: i) a relatively large number of genes with no matches in the current databases and; ii) the identification of genes with a high level of sequence identity to those identified, until now, in the archaebacteria. Genomics and proteomics will also accelerate our understanding of microbial interactions, and allow a greater degree of in situ analyses in the future. The challenge is to utilize genomics and proteomics to improve our fundamental understanding of microbial physiology, diversity and ecology, and overcome constraints to ruminal function.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.29-49
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• 2014

This study focused on how early childhood in-service teachers and pre-service teachers understood the concept of Forest Education. By applying the analysis of conceptual maps, introduced by Novak and Gowin's (1983, 1984), this study examined the number of upper category and subcategories, characteristics, hierarchy, and density of teachers' knowledge of Forest Education. 39 early childhood teachers and 60 pre-service teachers participated in this study. First, in-service teachers put 'nature(forest)' and 'living creatures' in the highest level of knowledge of Forest Education. On the other hands, pre-service teachers put 'the effect of Forest Education' and 'program' as well as 'nature(forest)' in the highest level of knowledge. In-service teachers seemed to construct their knowledge by understanding Forest Education as curriculum or activities such as math, language, music or multicultural education. Therefore they had a tendency to talk more about specific concepts including four seasons, insects, air, or climate change. However, pre-service teachers described 'the interconnectedness between human and nature', 'deep relationship with nature' and 'provision of nature.' This tendency might relate to their prior educational experiences of Eco-centered Early Childhood Education. With regards to the density and hierarchy of knowledge on Forest Education, both groups revealed the relatively low degree of density with average of around 2.00. This result can be interpreted that both groups of teachers might not have strong hierarchical and organizational knowledge of Forest Education. For the teacher education, philosophical background and practical knowledge of Forest Education should be included more.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2000

A clinical isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae K7746 produced the extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL) SHV-12. A 6.6 kb BamHI fragment containing the $bla_{SHV-12}$ gene of K7746 strain was cloned into pCRScriptCAM vector resulting in the recombinant plasmid p7746-Cl. The restriction map of 3.6 kb inserted DNA and sequences immediately surrounding $bla_{SHV-12}$ of p7746-C1 were homologous to plasmid pMPA2a carrying $bla_{SHV-2a}$. In addition, both $bla_{SHV-12}$ and $bla_{SHV-2a}$ were expressed from a common hybrid promoter made of the -35 region derived from the left inverted repeat of IS26 and the -10 region from the $bla_{SHV}$ promoter itself. The results indicate that $bla_{SHV-12}$ and $bla_{SHV-2a}$ may have evolved from a common ancestor in the sequential order of $bla_{SHV-2a}$ first, followed by $bla_{SHV-12}$. Furthermore, by the PCR mapping method using primers corresponding to the IS26 and $bla_{SHV}$, the association between IS26 and $bla_{SHV}$ was studied in 12 clinical isolates carrying $bla_{SHV-2a}$, 27 clinical isolates carrying $bla_{SHV-12}$, and 5 reference strains carrying $bla_{SHV-1}$ to $bla_{SHV-5}$. All 39 strains carrying $bla_{SHV-2a}$ or $bla_{SHV-12}$ were positive by the PCR, providing confirmative evidence that IS26 has been involved in the evolution and dissemination of $bla_{SHV-2a}$ and $bla_{SHV-12}$. But 5 reference strains carrying $bla_{SHV-1}$ to $bla_{SHV-5}$ were negative by the PCR. Therefore, we concluded that the molecular evolutionary pathway of $bla_{SHV-2a}$ and $bla_{SHV-12}$ may be different from that of other $bla_{SHV-ESBL}$, e.g., $bla_{SHV-2}$, $bla_{SHV-3}$, $bla_{SHV-4}$, and $bla_{SHV-5}$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.598-604
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• 2007

The current study was conducted to evaluate carcass characteristics, objectives and sensory meat qualities of Hanwoo longissimus muscle as affected by ultimate pH. Twenty-four steers and bulls ($556{\pm}53$ kg and $0.63{\pm}0.32$cm for live weight and backfat thickness, respectively) were used. As there was a linear relationship (r = 0.77) between lean meat color and ultimate pH, cattles were thus segregated into normal $pH{\leq}5.8$, Normal, n = 13) and DFD (pH>5.8, n = 11) groups. Normal pH group had significantly (p<0.05) higher carcass weight, marbling score and backfat thickness than those for high pH group, while fat color and lean meat color were inverse. In principle component analysis for co-ordinates of DFD and normal meats, fat color, lean meat color, texture, time to pH 6.2 and pH at 24 h postmortem were associated with the positive range of the first factor (67.5%) while backfat thickness marbling score and temperature at 24 h were placed in negative values. The rate constant of decline in pH (pH k) did not differ between the two groups, implying that initial pH (i.e., pH at slaughtering) differed between two groups. Contour mapping of pH k between pH at 1 and 24 h postmortem indicated that high pH k was related to lower pHs at 1 and 24 h postmortem. This suggested that the high pH cattles (i.e., DFD cattle) resulted from their own potential. Although the time to reach pH 6.2 was significantly (p<0.05) shorter for normal meat (i.e., 3.2 h) than that for DFD one (i.e., 19.8 h), there were no significantly differences in both WB-shear force and sensory attributes. Given that the experimental animals were sampled from a similar group, which implies a similar myoglobin pigment content, the current data suggested that pre- and post-slaughter animal handling likely had a significant effect on ultimate pH and consequently meat color of Hanwoo longissimus muscle, and also small animals with lower marbling score and backfat thickness had a higher risk for DFD meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.772-779
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• 2013

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) plays an important role in genomic selection and mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL). In this study, the pattern of LD and effective population size ($N_e$) were investigated in Chinese beef Simmental cattle. A total of 640 bulls were genotyped with IlluminaBovinSNP50BeadChip and IlluminaBovinHDBeadChip. We estimated LD for each autosomal chromosome at the distance between two random SNPs of <0 to 25 kb, 25 to 50 kb, 50 to 100 kb, 100 to 500 kb, 0.5 to 1 Mb, 1 to 5 Mb and 5 to 10 Mb. The mean values of $r^2$ were 0.30, 0.16 and 0.08, when the separation between SNPs ranged from 0 to 25 kb to 50 to 100 kb and then to 0.5 to 1 Mb, respectively. The LD estimates decreased as the distance increased in SNP pairs, and increased with the increase of minor allelic frequency (MAF) and with the decrease of sample sizes. Estimates of effective population size for Chinese beef Simmental cattle decreased in the past generations and $N_e$ was 73 at five generations ago.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the drought tolerance in maize seedling using leaf rolling. Nineteen maize resources, seven Nested Association Mapping parents lines, six Korean commercial cultivars, and six Southeast Asia commercial cultivars, were used to examine drought tolerance. The leaf rolling scores were measured on each leaf in three stress conditions with moderate drought (10%), severe drought (7%), and extreme drought (5%). Generally leaf rolling score of seedlings increased at the lower soil water potentials (5~7%). As a result, drought-tolerant cultivars showed lower leaf rolling score (below 2.5) than the drought sensitive cultivars (above 3.5). Nine varieties, NK4043, CML322, DK9955, NK4300, Ki11, DK8868, CML228, LVN99, and LVN10, have been selected for tolerance to drought stress. These results suggest that the leaf rolling score in maize seedling has been made available to indirect index for drought tolerance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate maize downy mildew resistance using spreader row technique in Cambodia. A total of forty maize lines were used in this experiment. Seven Korean varieties and seven breeding lines showed high infection rates (80~100%) and highly susceptible (HS) to downy mildew disease in both spring and fall. Also most of nested association mapping (NAM) parent lines were highly susceptible (HS). Meanwhile three inbred lines, Ki3, Ki11, and CML228, showed highly resistant (HR) or resistant (R) in spring and moderately resistant (MR) in fall. These three lines were already known as resistant inbred lines against downy mildew disease. It appears that spreader row technique was suitable for selection of maize downy mildew resistance in Cambodia. The incidence of downy mildew was influenced by weather conditions, especially relative humidity and temperature. Among several inoculation methods to screen for downy mildew resistance, this spreader row technique is effectively and easily used in the field of Southeast Asia.