• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.60 no.1
• /
• pp.36-45
• /
• 2016

This study was aimed to enhance the percutaneous absorption of tizanidine hydrochloride (TZ) across Strat-M$^{TM}$ artificial membrane and excised hairless mouse skin using various vehicles and chemical permeation enhancers. Solubility studies were performed using hydrophilic and lipophilic vehicles. To initially evaluate vehicle effects on skin permeation, Strat-M$^{TM}$ membrane was adopted using Franz-type diffusion cells loaded with 0.4 mg donor dose. Effects of fatty acids on the permeation of TZ from PG and PGMC were compared, and the effects of various hydrophilic vehicles in the presence of linoleic acid were studied using excised hairless mouse skin specimens. The mean solubility (mg/ml) of TZ in hydrophilic vehicles was higher: water > PG > DMSO > ethanol > PEG 200 > NMP > PEG 300 > PEG 400 > DGME, and solubilities in lipophilic vehicles such as PGMC, PGMC, IPM, Captex 200 and Captex 300 were much less than 1.0 mg/ml. Permeation rates through StratTM membrane from pure vehicles were in the rank order: PGMC ${\geq}$ LBF > DMSO ${\geq}$ NMP ${\geq}$ PGML ${\geq}$ PG ${\geq}$ PEG 200 ${\geq}$ DGME ${\geq}$ EtOH. However, permeation rates of TZ through hairless mouse skin from pure vehicles were very low, although PG showed the highest flux ($1.66{\pm}0.28{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$). Therefore, PG was selected in further studies. Addition of enhancers (3 v/v%) into PG markedly increased the flux (${\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$): oleyl alcohol ($14.9{\pm}3.1$) ${\geq}$ oleic acid ($14.5{\pm}1.6$) ${\geq}$ linoleic acid ($13.7{\pm}1.3$) > capric acid ($4.4{\pm}0.6$) > caprylic acid ($2.1{\pm}0.4$). Among hydrophilic vehicles with linoleic acid, PG and DMSO revealed relatively higher permeation for TZ. Increase of donor dose in PG resulted in dose-dependent permeation fluxes. These results suggest that permeation properties of TZ from nonaqueous solutions are markedly different between Strat-$M^{TM}$ membrane and excised hairless mouse skin, and transdermal delivery of TZ would be feasible with a combination of PG and enhancers.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.141-143
• /
• 2015

Dermatophytosis was found on the right front leg of a 4-month-old female African lion cub (Panthera leo) kept at a zoo with locally marginal alopecia. For diagnosis, culturing on sabouraud dextrose agar was performed and skin scrapings from the lesion were analyzed. The ones from the culture and skin scrapings were identified as Trichophyton mentagrophytes. A zookeeper that had been in contacted with the lion for artificial rearing developed skin lesions with well-defined erythematous plaques on the right arm about 1 month after the lesion in the lion was observed. The ringworm was probably transmitted from the lion through continuous contact.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2022

For this purpose, the authors proposed and proved usefulness of the modified mean skin temperature which is integrated mean radiation temperature and the effect of floor contacted heat conduction. The mean radiation temperature is applied form factor between half cross-legged human body and surrounding wall of indoor. In addition the floor contacted heat conduction is applied heat transfer coefficient of half cross-legged human body. Eight Korean young men were targeted for the experiment. From the experiment the authors excerpted physiological reaction and psychological reaction in Ondol environment which is combined physiccal environmental factor of artificial climate chamber, air and floor temperature. As a result of the experiment it is confirmed that heat conduction has more impact than heat exchange from existing research for the heat exchange between half cross-legged human body and surrounding wall in Ondol thermal environment. Thereby, it is proved the effectiveness of the modified mean skin temperature which is added floor contacted temperature to the Ondol thermal environmental evaluation index.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.04a
• /
• pp.225-225
• /
• 2005

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.496-505
• /
• 2020

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2011

This study tests the performance of the recommended winter dress OnMapsi for an office worker through the analysis of skin temperature changes according to the heating environment. We tested and compared the effects of with/without undergarments for 4 male subjects in an artificial-climate chamber with two air temperatures of $19^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. During the 60 minute experiment that simulated office work, the subjective feelings (that included thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, and skin temperature) were measured at equal intervals. The results show that the forehead and chest skin temperatures were not affected by air temperature or clothing type, while the hand and foot skin temperatures were affected at $0.3-0.9^{\circ}C$ depending on clothing type and $1.9-2.2^{\circ}C$ depending on air temperature. The mean skin temperature was decreased by the experimental time pass more with regular formal wear than with OnMapsi. The second experiment located the ambient temperature in which subjects wearing OnMapsi show equal skin temperaturesto those without undergarments at $22^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to decrease heating temperatures to $18-21^{\circ}C$ in the office for winter OnMapsi wear that produces a skin temperature and thermal sensation that is the same as those at $22^{\circ}C$.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.125-136
• /
• 2019

The radish skin and radish greens are an edible part of the radish. But they are removed before eating the radish and used as a byproduct or an animal feed material because of their tough and rough texture. Melanin is a pigment that gives colour to our skin. But increased production of melanin can turn into benign or malignant tumours. These days due to global warming, the amount of Ultra violet (UVB) rays has been extensively increased with sunlight. Due to this, a phenomenon called exogenous photo aging is widely observed for all skin colour and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) that serves as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins mainly collagen is increased, causing depletion in collagen and resulting in early wrinkles formation. Therefore in our study we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the melanogenesis inhibition by Heated radish extract (HRE) in vitro and we used HRM-2 hair less mice exposed to artificial UVB for checking the efficacy of Heated radish extract in vivo. Furthermore, we prepared a 3% Heated radish extract (HRE) cream and checked its effects on human skin. Our results have clearly demonstrated that Heated radish extract (HRE) have potently suppressed the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells. It had also reduced the expression of components involved in melanin production pathway both transcriptionally and transitionally. In in vivo studies, HRE had potently suppressed the expression of MMP's and reduced the wrinkle formation and inhibited collagen degradation. Moreover, on human skin, ginseng cream increased the resilience, skin moisture and enhanced the skin tone. Therefore in light of these findings, we conclude that HRE is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.06a
• /
• pp.1293-1298
• /
• 2005

In the environment where human coexists with robot, the problem of safety is very important. But it is difficult to separate the robot from the human in time-domain or space-domain unlike the case of factory automation, so a new concept is needed. One approach is to notice sensory and emotional feeling of human, and in this study "pain" is focused, which is a typical unpleasant feeling when the robot contacts us. In this paper, to design the controller based on the pain, an artificial superficial pain model caused by impact is proposed. This ASPM model consists of mechanical pain model, skin model and gate control by artificial neural networks (ANNs). The proposed ASPM is evaluated by experiments.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
• /
• v.1997 no.05
• /
• pp.64-67
• /
• 1997

In the total artificial heart(TAH), a transcutaneous information transmission system(TITS) is vely important to monitor the TAH status and detect the device failure, and repair the possible problems. First of all, the communication channel(skin) and method were simulated in terms of transmittance, scattering, reflection and absorption, then the system was designed with size reduction including low power consumption and reliability compared to the previous one. The informations are transmitted through the skin(approximately 1cm in depth) by frequency modulated near infrared(NIR) pulses using 780nm laser diodes as transmitters and photodiode as receiver with high speed and high spectral sensitivity. The logic high and low frequencies are 3MHz, 1MHz respectively. The system is a bidirectional data link for more than 38.4Kbps data rate, full-duplex with a bit error rate of less than $10^{-5}$.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.19 no.8
• /
• pp.1859-1866
• /
• 2015

This paper presents a novel makeup simulation method for powder application. We propose a color appearance model for powder coated skin that is simple but yet capable of producing realistic visual results. From the photos of several artificial skins before and after powder application, the translucency and thickness parameters are achieved by fitting the color model to the photos. Thickness patterns of powder application on actual human face skin is also extracted, and used in makeup simulations on photos of different human face to give more visually appealing results. From experiments, we found that the simulation results are quite realistic, and expect that the proposed makeup simulation can be used as a virtual coloring test in the cosmetic labs.