• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.160-166
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• 1994

Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference/head circumference ratio(MAC/HC) were measured in 207 AGA(appropriate for gestational age) infants delivered at 26 to 42 weeks of gestation from January 1990 to December 1993 in Yeungnam University Hospital, Taegu, Korea. There were linear relationships between MACs and MAC/HC ratios and gestational age(MAC : y=0.3181x - 2.2069, r=0.81, p<0.001 ; MAC/HC ratio : y=0.0049x+0.1128, r=0.62, ; < 0.001). Using standard curves of MAC and MAC/HC ratio according to the gestational age, measurement of MAC or MAC/HC ratio can be a noninvasive, simple method to evaluate the intrauterine growth of newborn infants and the nutritional status of growing premature infants.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.786-794
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• 1999

Back ground : Arm span measurements provide a practical substitute for standing height to predict normal spirometric values in subjects unable to stand or those with a skeletal deformity such as kyphoscoliosis. The relationship between arm span and height has previously been reported as either a fixed ratio unaffected by age or as a regression equation in which the ratio varies as a function of age. The fixed ratio or regression equation is known to be specific for sex and race. Methods : We studied the relationship between standing height, arm span, and age in 381 Korean adult female subjects (ages 20 to 69 yrs) sampled in a general population. Results : The mean ratio for arm span to height is 1.004. Multiple linear analysis found arm span and age to be predictive of standing height (p=0.0001, $r^2$=0.76). We performed the analysis of the difference between the predicted height using either fixed ratio or regression equation and actual height. At the extremes of arm span and age, the ratio method either underestimated(at smaller arm span or younger age) or overestimated(at larger arm span or older age) as compared with actual height (p=0.0001). Conclusion : This results indicate that the estimated height using the fixed ratio method provides a less acceptable method of estimating height for the prediction of lung volumes in the Korean adult women when compared with the regression equations, especially at the extremes of stature or age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2020

PURPOSE: Excessive activity of the upper trapezius (UT) muscle contributes to a rounded shoulder posture (RSP) through abnormal rotation of the scapula that weakens the lower trapezius (LT) and serratus anterior (SA) muscles. This study compared the effects of two arm-lifting exercises with and without the use of a Thera-band on the activities of LT, SA, and UT muscles, and the LT/UT and SA/UT activity ratio in subjects with a rounded shoulder posture. METHODS: Sixteen subjects with RSP participated in this study. All subjects performed arm-lifting (AL), diagonal arm-lifting (DAL), arm lifting with isometric adduction (ALIA), and diagonal arm-lifting with isometric adduction (DALIA) exercises. The surface electromyography data, LT, SA, UT, and the LT/UT and SA/UT activity ratios were measured. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences between two arm-lifting exercises and two arm lifting with isometric adduction exercises. RESULTS: In ALIA and DALIA exercises, the UT muscle activity decreased significantly, whereas the LT/UT, SA/UT activity ratio increased significantly. The activity of SA muscle increased significantly more with DALIA than that with DAL. CONCLUSION: Arm-lifting exercises using a Thera-band can be implemented as an effective way to reduce the UT overactivity and increase the SA activity and LT/UT, SA/UT activity ratio in subjects with RSP.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.1 s.29
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• pp.49-58
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• 1989

A clothing-erogonomics study was performed to investigate the difference of the upper arm skin skin surface and the relationship among the three aspects of upper arm (height of sleeve rap, sleeve width and armhole girth) by changing arm movements. Plaster cast was used for this experimental research. Arm movements consist of 9 types; just carmly standing on ($0^{\circ}$), and each 4 types ($45^{\circ},\;90^{\circ},\;135^{\circ},\;180^{\circ}$) to the vertical direction in front and in side. The results were as follows; 1) As the arm-movement angle increased, the height of sleeve cap decreased and that ratio was largest in the portion A-B3. 2) The steeve width was enlarged with the increment of movement angle in all portions of upper arm except B1-B5. 3) As increasing the movement angle, the whole armhole girth decreased and the ratio o(front armhole girth (F-A) was larger than that of back. 4) In the vertical direction in front, the height o( the sleeve caps was larger, the sleeve widths were smaller than in the vertical direction in side in all movement types, but there was no significant difference in arm-hole girth between the two cases. 5) There were significantly negative relationships between measurements in height of sleeve cap and those in sleeve width, and also between those in height of sleeve cap and in arm-hole girth. And significantly positive relationships were found between neasurements in height of sleeve cap and those in arm-hole girth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to examine the characteristics of arm types proposed in the previous study and to present sleeve patterns according size and shape of 4 arm types. 31 direct and indirect items were measured. The subjects for this study were 132 females of twenties. The results were as follows. 1. All of the direct measurements showed significant difference by the arm types. especially at the front armhole part. Such a.: the items of arm gradients, armhole sizes belong to the indirect measurements made clear difference also. 2. By the discriminant analysis, 9 items including underarm length, front armhole girth, upper arm girth, degree of elbow point-wrist point discriminated arm type by the hit ratio of 90.4% Item related to shape of arm rather than size made a sharp distinction. 3. Through the examination of existing patterns and wearing tests on the subjects among 4 groups, sleeve patterns classified by the arm type were suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1779-1785
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• 2010

The experiment is designed to create some useful data on the dressed shapes that contribute to simulating the adaptability of clothes. We studied the dressed shapes of blouse with above-elbow sleeves and sleeveless according to five types of arm movement (basic posture, reach forward 45, 90, and reach lateral 45, 90) in the stand-posture. Experiments were conducted to understand the dressed shape through 3-D measurement Vivid 910 and to investigate the width, depth, area distribution and gap of the shape of blouses on the section map with a software program for 3-D shape analysis, Rapid Form 2004. The Data were analyzed by factor analysis. The results of this study are as follows: The ratio of depth per width in the stand-posture was lower than other arm movements and the reach lateral was higher than the reach forward. The gap of the upper body was a briefed 4 factor; front, front-side, back, and back-side. It was higher than the sleeveless with a change of the gap in the dressed blouse with above-elbow sleeves by arm movements per stand-posture. The divisional gap shows the adaptability of clothes according to the types of blouse and arm movements in the change of the ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the variations in gait parameters according to arm swing use in post stroke hemiparesis. Methods : Sixteen patients participated in this study and walked at self-selected speeds on a Rs-scan systems. The were randomly assigned conditions: self-selected arm swing, constraint arm swing, emphasis arm swing. Results : In the comparison of parameters in each trial, both affected step length, non affected step length, affected stride length, non affected stride length, affected single support time, and non affected single support time were significantly increased and double support time was significantly decrease in emphasis arm swing when compared with both self-selected arm swing and constraint arm swing(p<.05). However, Asymmetrical ratio was significantly increased in both emphasis arm swing and self-selected arm swing when compared constraint arm swing(p<.05). Conclusion : Therefore, In this study, gait rehabilitation of patients with hemiplegia depending on what you need to apply the arm swing is considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.53-64
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• 1988

The idiogram of pine chromosomes was obtained from the length, the ratio of the long and short arm, and the position of the secondary constriction. The descending order of the long arm was found by analyzing the idiogram for 6 species of hard pines and 5 species of soft pines growing in Korea. The basic chromosome number of the genus Pinus was n=12, of which the ten chromosomes were the M-type showing similar S/L ratio, and the other two short chromosomes were the heterobrachial SM-type and the sub-median centric SM-type. The interspecific identification was able to made by comparing the number and the position of the secondary constriction, and the pattern of descending order of the long arm. The intraspecific variation was also able to be identified by comparing the long arms Descending order among the provenaces. Some differences were found in the chromosomal structures between the hard- and the soft-pines. However, the differences were not apparent as much as those in the morphological characteristics. The results might not be exactly reproducible because of the variable responses of chromosomes depending on concentration of the chemicals, the temperatures and time of the treatments, and the analytical errors during the preparateur preparation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.27-40
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effect of an arm sling on gait with hemiparesis. Methods: Fifteen patients(8 male, 7 female) with hemiparesis participated in this study and walked self-selected speed over 10m walkway, randomly without arm sling, with Single strap hemisling and Rolyan humeral cuff sling. It were filmed by 5 video camera and used with 3-dimensional motion analyzer system. The following gait variables were analyzed: temporo-spatial parameters, kinematic parameters. Results: In the comparison of temporo-spatial parameters each trial, walking velocity and single support time on affected side was significantly increased and step length on affected side, step length asymmetry ratio, single support time asymmetry ratio was significantly decreased in the Single strap hemisling and Rolyan humeral cuff sling. In the comparison of kinematic parameters each trial, maximal angle of the hip flexion on affected side was significantly increased in the Single strap hemisling and Rolyan humeral cuff sling and maximal angle of the knee flexion on affected side was significantly increased in the Rolyan humeral cuff sling and maximal angle of the ankle dorsiflexion on affected side was significantly increased in the Single strap hemisling. Conclusion: An arm sling improved walking velocity and decreased asymmetry and increased maximal angle of hip, knee, ankle flexion on affected side with hemiparesis caused by stroke.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.621-631
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• 1974

The objective of the study was to obtain standard sizes of body of the high school girls for designing clothes and developing pattern grading of clothes. In 1972, 342 students, selected by the stratified cluster random sampling method, at three high schools in Seoul were measured on forty-one items by the R. Martin method. Statistical techniques of mean, standard deviation, coefficient variable, maximum and minimum, range, t-test were utilized to analyze the data. The findings of the study were as follows ; 1. No differences were found among the age groups in the all measured variables. 2. Stature, bust girth, hip girth, acromion width, posterior waist girth/stature ratio of the high school girls were significantly smaller than those sizes of adult women. This result implies that those sizes will be increased as the students grow up. But upper arm girth, upper arm girth/bust girth ratio, and thigh girth/bust girth ratio were bigger than those sizes of adult women. Waist girth, thigh girth, total head height/stature ratio, acromion width/stature ratio, and foot length/stature ratio were nearly similiar to those of adult women. 3. According to the result of t-test, waist breadth, spinailiaca anterior height/stature ratio, thigh girth/bust girth ratio, and thigh/hip girth ratio of the 15 year old group were significantly different from those of the 16 year old group at the level of 0.05. Bust girth, weight, foot breadth, posterior croth length, and cervical height/stature ratio of the 16 year old group were significantly different from those of the 17 year old group at the level of 0.01. Hip girth, upper arm girth, waist breadth/stature ratio, and neck base girth/bust girth ratio of the 16 year old group were significantly different from those of the 17 year old group at the level of 0.05.