• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 2006

Ubiquitous has been a new issue in information technology field. Some people in GIS(Geographic Information Systems) and urban and regional planning have maintained that not only building three dimensional graphic environment in cyberspace is the key for ubiquitous, but also planners should plan and control the new space. They may believe that ubiquitous would be a mixture or/and combination of real-space and cyberspace. For strengthening their arguments, they should show the character of the space can be related to the three dimensional space and planning the space is possible. This study tried to critically analyze their assertion. After reviewing various articles and studies in multidisciplinary view, this challenging analysis shows those arguments need more sophisticated studies and can limit the character of cyberspace which has made the space prosperous.

• Acta Via Serica
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 2018

There is a variety of opinions about the first translation activities within the Turkic Empire. It is widely believed that some Buddhist sutras were translated into the Turkic language in the period of Taspar Qagan (572-581). This theory is based on certain arguments: Some Turks practiced Buddhism, Buddhist monks translated sutras in the center of the Turkic Empire, Taspar brought sutras from China and had them translated, and the monarch of Northern Qi had a sutra translated and sent to Taspar. However, in my opinion, these arguments lack credibility. This article, which is based on primary Chinese sources, will question the likelihood of such translation activities having occurred. Some Chinese records for these claims exist: Da Tang Nei Dian Lu (大唐內典錄) and Xu Gao Seng Chuan (續高僧傳) by the Buddhist monk Jinagupta and the records of Hui Lin in Sui Shu (隋書) and Wen Xian Tong Kao (文獻通考). These are known as "primary sources." Secondary sources, namely contemporary history and language studies, such as those in books and articles, must be based on primary sources. It can be seen that claims relating to the first Turkic translation activities at the time of Taspar are mainly derived from secondary sources, and that the arguments in these secondary sources vary. Sometimes researchers make suppositions on the existence of information that is not referred to in primary sources. However, this is not normal practice. If a researcher relies on unknowns for the evidence of information existing, it can cause false information, ideas and anachronisms to be created. It is important that primary sources, such as the Chinese sources mentioned above, be translated correctly in language and history studies. If only a word is mistranslated, very different results may occur. Mistranslating or misinterpreting a primary source allows conclusions to be reached that are not supported by dissemination of information from primary sources. This can mislead experts and result in information that is not correct being considered as being true. As well as helping to prevent such misinterpretations occurring, another aim of this paper is to question the interpretations of the first Turkic translations in contemporary studies on history and language. The origin of such assessments will be explored and the validity of that information will be examined.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.85-114
• /
• 2022

When human rights disputes are related to the cross-border investments treaties, the investment arbitral tribunals are confronted with the question of how to adjudicate connected human rights violations. The traditional structure restricts arbitration proceedings to the parties named within an investment treaty, i.e., Investor-Claimant and State-Respondent. If human rights issues occur, States must act as proxies for citizens with human rights claims. This effectively excludes individuals or groups with human rights concerns and contradicts the premise of international human rights law that seeks to empower human rights-holders to pursue claims directly and on an international stage. The methods for intorducing human rights issues in the context of investment arbitration proceedings are suggested as follows: First, human rights arguments can be introduced into ISDS by the usual initiator of investment disputes: the investor as the complainant. Especially, if the jurisdictional and applicable law clauses of the respective international investment agreements are sufficiently broad to include human rights violations, adjudicating a pure human rights claim could be possible. Second, the host state may rely on human rights argumentation as a respondent of an investor claim. Human rights have played a role as a justification for state measures undertaken to comply with human rights laws. Third, third party interventions by NGOs and civil society groups as amici curiae may act as advocates for affected populations or communities in response to the reluctance of governments to introduce their own human rights duties into the investment dispute. Finally, arbitrators have also referred to human rights ex officio, i.e., without having a dispute party referring to the specific argument. This was mainly the case in the context of determining the scope of property rights and the existence of an expropriation. As all U.N. member states have human rights obligations, international investment laws must be presumed to be in conformity with the relevant human rights obligations.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.633-642
• /
• 2022

This is conducted with the aim of critical discussions on existing arguments, focusing on the establishment of a higher lifelong learning ecosystem. First, this study discusses the characteristics of university education in Korea and the discourse on the crisis of local universities. Second, the arguments on the establishment of lifelong learning society and a lifelong learning system. Third, the arguments for the establishment of a higher lifelong learning ecosystem are reviewed and practical measures for this are critically discussed. The conclusion is as follows. Measures for the establishment of a higher lifelong learning ecosystem have been discussed in considerable detail, and through this, the possibility of overcoming the crisis of local universities and balanced regional development is sufficient. However, first, the university should play a central role, but this study questions whether university reform could be achieved to suit it. Second, in order to overcome the crisis, national responsibility, responsibility, and continuous support are required. On the other hand, it raised questions about whether cooperation from the current Korean government authorities is possible. Third, local communities should also achieve governance and participate in democratic ways, raising questions about whether a foundation-forming strategy for stakeholder consensus is established.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.17
• /
• pp.135-149
• /
• 2004

Socrates did not found a religion, and in this sense he is different from Confucius, Buddha and Jesus. So there can be no 'Socrates' religion'. But if we can assume that there are evidently religious aspects in his thought, and if it can become a religion by expanding these aspects, then we may conclude that 'Socratic religion' is possible. In general, there are three arguments to regard Socrates as a religious person. The first is to see him as a precursor of Christianity or a Christian martyr, the second is to regard Socrates' daimonion as identical with Christian revelation, and the third is to argue that Socrates was a religious person because of his firm belief in the immortality of soul. But in this paper, I argue that these three arguments offer some justifications but insufficient to conclude that he was a religious person. Shall we conclude then that not only Socratic religion is impossible but also he was not a religious person? I do not think so. For there are two counter arguments. Religious truths have at least two essential characteristics. First, those who have religious truths are absolutely happy, no matter what. This is why Socrates as a religious person could advise his disciples to improve their souls even at the time of his death bed. Second, those who have religious truths do love others, no matter what. How could it be possible for someone to love invisible ultimate reality if he did not love visible brothers? This is why Socrates as a religious person took his mission to philosophize as a divine command. Socrates did not initiate any official religion, but he was truly a devout religious person, who transcended the boundary of institutionalized religion. It follows that Socratic religion is evidently possible.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.170-202
• /
• 1998

Lee Shi Zhen(李時珍) raised a question in argument on the writer of Bao Ming Shi(保命集), which had been believed to be written by Liu Wan Su(劉完素), arguing that Bao Ming Shi(保命集), also called Huo Fa Ji Yao(活法機要), was written by Zhang Yuan Su(張完素). There were three representative arguments on the writer of Bao Ming Shi(保命集). One suggested that it was written by Zhang Yuan Su(張完素) while the other argued that it was definitely written by Liu Wan Su(劉完素). And another suggested thai it was edited by posterity by combinding the works of the former two miters. After this study, it was found that Bao Ming Shi(保命集) has Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素)'s unique medical thoughts in many descriptions resulting in controversial dispute. Through these arguments, a new hypothesis has been made that the third person who had studied Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素)'s medical thoughts wrote Bao Ming Shi(保命集). Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素) were quite different in medial thoughts and their works and they found different school, respectively. Therefore, if Bao Ming Shi(保命集) was written by Liu Wan Su(劉完素) or Zhang Yuan Su(張完素), it is impossiple that Bao Ming Shj(保命集) has the two medical thoughts in many descriptions. So, it is regarded reasonable to argue that the person who had aquainted with the two medical thoughts wrote this book. Then enother question can be raised : why the persion wrote Bao Ming Shi(保命集) which integrated the two medical thoughts and. The answer is as follows. Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素) became the rounders of He Jian(河間) school and Yi Shui(易水) school, respectively, which have considerably affected later generations, suggesting advanced medical theory. The medical thoughts suggested by the two were sure advanced compared with the former generation, but subjective and biased enough be critisized. So, it is thought that the third person wrote Bao Ming Shj(保命集) to recover those demerits and to describe more advanced medical theory. Zhongyi Xueshushi(中醫學術史) suggests that posterity edited Bao Ming Shi(保命集) by combinding Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素)'s works, which is different flam my suggestment. In above description, it is said that the two medical thoughts were quite different, but Bao Ming Shi(保命集) has well-understood medical thoughts containing the two medical thoughts in chaptor to chaptor, and well coincides from cover to cover, which shows that it is written by one person not edited by posterity. My hypothesis can admit other arguments on the writer of Bao Ming Shi(保命集), recover the bias of those argument and solve the questions raised in other arguments. Therefore, I suggest that the person, who was well aquainted with Liu Wan Su(劉完素) and Zhang Yuan Su(張完素)'s medical thoughts, wrote Bao Ming Shi(保命集) to describe more advanced and complete medical theory by amending the bias and taking the merits of the two medical thoughts.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.5-30
• /
• 2005

This article attempts to restructurize the current arguments on how to change the method of financing child care programme, which is currently under discussion in Korea. There has been a series of changes in Korean child care policy, such as the amendment of Child Care Act, the transition of its responsible administrations, adoption the child care policy as a national agenda. In these changes, new needs for child care financing method comes out with a new direction of child care policy and a plan of expansion of finances. That's the transition from 'facility-centered subsidy' to 'child-centered subsidy'. This article redefine it as the arguments about 'supply-side subsidy' vs. 'demand-side subsidy'. To analyse the different traits of two branches of arguments, this article reviews the social welfare models, and has come to the conclusion that the Burchardt's model is appropriate to explain the financing debates. Thus, the analysis the traits of the two perspectives is based on three dimensions i. e. service provision, financing and decision making according to the Burchardt's model. This also examines how the two sides is connected to the discussion of publicity and quality improvement of child care service. Through this approaches and analysis, this helps us restructurize the debates on the method of financing from the present superficial arguments.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.840-862
• /
• 2013

This study undertook a methodological investigation on previous research that had proposed alternative methods for analyzing argumentative discourse in science classes in terms of collaborative construction and epistemic enactments of argumentation. The study also proposed a new way of analyzing argumentation discourse based on the achievements and limitations of previous research. The new method was applied to actual argumentation discourse episodes to examine its feasibility. For these purposes, we chose the studies employing Toulmin's argument layout, seeking for a method to analyze comprehensively the structure, content, and justification of arguments, or emphasizing evidence-based reasoning processes of argumentation discourse. In addition, we contrived an alternative method of analyzing argumentative discourse, Discourse Register on the Evidence-Explanation Continuum (DREEC), and applied DREEC to an argumentative discourse episode that occurred in an actual science classroom. The advanced methods of analyzing argumentative discourse used in previous research usually examined argument structure by the presence and absence of the elements of Toulmin's argument layout or its extension. Those methods, however, had some problems in describing and comparing the quality of argumentation based on the justification and epistemic enactments of the arguments, while they could analyze and compare argumentative discourse quantitatively. Also, those methods had limitations on showing participants' collaborative construction during the argumentative discourse. In contrast, DREEC could describe collaborative construction through the relationships between THEMEs and RHEMEs and the links of data, evidence, pattern, and explanation in the discourse, as well as the justification of arguments based on the flow of epistemic enactments of the argumentative discourse.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.486-500
• /
• 2013

This study is conducted to examine how epistemic reasoning and argument structures of students vary according to data sources used in the process of argumentation implemented in the context of inquiry. To this end, three argument tasks using first-hand data and three argument tasks using second-hand data were developed and applied to the unit on 'Nutrition of Plants' for first year middle school students. According to the results of this study, epistemic reasoning of students manifested during the process of argumentation and varied according to data sources. While most students composed explanations with phenomenon-based or relation-based reasoning in argumentation using first-hand data, all the small groups composed explanations that included model-based reasoning in argumentation using second-hand data. In the case of arguments including phenomenon-based or relation-based reasoning, students described only observable characteristics, with warrants omitted from arguments in many cases. On the other hand, in the case of arguments that included model-based reasoning, explanations were composed by combining the results of observations with theoretical knowledge, with warrants more apparent in their arguments.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.147-153
• /
• 2007

In this note, we obtained results related to multiparameter discrete exponential families on considering lattice or semi-lattice in place of N (Natural numbers) in view of Cacoullos-type inequalities via the same arguments in Papathanasiou (1990, 1993).