• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

The amount of new apartment construction has been trending upward in 3~4% each year since 11% increase in 2002. Currently, in public apartment construction sites under separate delivery system for construction waste processing, the significant difference between estimated quantity for contract and actual amount frequently causes severe controversy among project participants. Many factors such as poor environmental management, inadequate contractual amount are assumed to influence the above problem, and the requirement to revise existing generation rates, the key criteria applied in estimating the quantities of waste, is increasing. Most of generation rates were established in early 2000's, and have difficulty in reflecting the changes from new materials and technologies accordingly. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the types of construction waste for each trade and the forecast method as preliminary work in order to develop more accurate generation rates for construction waste in new construction. To achieve this purpose, the architectural bills of quantities in ten apartment projects executed during 2010~2013 were collected, and the possible waste types and reasonable material loss ratio for each item from temporary works to owner-supplying material area were defined and compared through the workshops and interviews with the experts and on-site environmental managers. The results of this study will contribute to establishing the categories of construction waste for construction trades and proper generation rates by the indirect estimation method in new apartment construction in the follow-up study.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.433-442
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• 2003

The concept of pun was basically used to get rhetorical effect in verbal usage and it can be easily applicable to visual communication design. By substituting symbolic images for words of verbal expression, we can draw out some effective communication methods in forms of pun. For years, visual puns have been useful concept to convey a visual message from ancient hieroglyphics to modern arts and design. There are essentially three categories of visual puns. Literal pun upholds the primary meanings of the message literally by picking up a key symbol to create two or more meanings, meanwhile suggestive pun is created when one symbol is used as a key symbol or two or more symbols are combined to created one key symbol that can suggest and strengthen meanings. Comparative pun can be defined two or more symbols of nearly the same appearance are combined or juxtaposed two or more times to enhance overall statement. The concept of visual pun used for traditional area can also be effective ways of new media communication. Thus it is natural to see the concept of visual puns in website. How to handle the images in website is the most critical point for differentiation. But recently, web site designers just seem to focus on somewhat functional aspect. There are certain types of web design formats, and many designers are tend to follow these routines unconsciously. In this situation, the new aspect of visual puns for web design can be a possible design method to fortify the overall message. Through this concept, we can build up some clear identity compared to other web sites and can get alternatives to perform more effective communication ways as a problem-solving process.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.545-553
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• 2014

This study suggested an integrated classification method for generalized characteristics of PC beam-column connection according to connection details. Quantifying the failure mode of PC-beam column connection and characteristics of corresponding details, this study suggested to use deformation contribution of each element of beam-column assemblage. According to the expected failure mode of beam-column connection assemblage, PC beam-column connection can be classified into 'equivalent monolithic system' and 'jointed system'. In this study, four test specimens were tested for verification of detailed classification method of PC beam-column connections. Test was carried out with typical beam-column connection test method. Load was applied at the top of test specimen and end of beams were restrained by hinge. In order to verify the deformation contribution of each test specimen, 34-LVDTs were mounted on test specimen. According to test results, deformation contribution of each test specimen have different characteristics. Deformation characteristics of joint and other components which are quantified by test results, equivalent monolithic system can be classified into two categories. Strong connection have extremely small deformation contribution of joint and much larger deformation contribution was shown in flexural behavior of beam. The other type of beam-column connection is ductile connection which allows the larger deformation in joint area compared with strong connection.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ awareness of chemical waste produced in elementary school laboratory experimentation and how this awareness relates to collection and disposal of chemical waste. More specifically, the study looked at the correlation between the handling of chemical waste and factors such as years of teachers’ educational career, class size and amount of waste produced. The target population were 250 elementary school teachers in Gyeongnam area and 237 subjects were responded. Among the 237 responses, 37 cases that did not complete the questionnaire were eliminated. Therefore, 200 responses were analyzed in this study. The survey questionnaire consisted of 15 questions. The categories of the questionnaire were their skills of management and treatment of the chemical waste. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS 10.0, and the relations among variables such as class sizes and years of teaching experience were also analyzed by $x^2-test.$ The results in this study were as follows: First, there were no significant differences between the years of teaching and class sizes in the training experience of chemical waste disposal. Second, there was a significant difference between the science laboratory size and class sizes in the laboratory actual condition. In addition, in the relations between the number of times of experimentation and the years of teaching experience, there was a significant difference. Third, in terms of the discharge amount of chemical waste, there was a significant difference between the years of teaching and class sizes. Fourth, in the simple chemistry waste disposal process in the science laboratory, there also was a significant difference between the kinds of experimental equipments that used in the experimentation and the years of teaching. Based on this study, it was found that great amount of the chemical wastes produced in the science laboratory dumped into the drain and the treatment process of chemical waste was also inattentive. Even the importance of environmental education is emphasized in the elementary education, the basic problems occurred in the science laboratory is disregarded. Therefore, not only students but teachers have to pay attention to the disposal process of chemical waste in the laboratory in order to prevent environment pollution. Furthermore, the efforts of preventing environment pollution are needed such as opening the teacher training course about environment education, minimal use of chemicals, treatment of chemical waste, and so forth.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1099-1112
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• 2018

The field of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is an active area of research as cryptographers look for public-key cryptosystems that can resist quantum adversaries. Among those categories in PQC, code-based cryptosystem provides high security along with efficiency. Recent works on code-based cryptosystems focus on the side-channel resistant implementation since previous works have indicated the possible side-channel vulnerabilities on existing algorithms. In this paper, we recovered the secret key in HyMES(Hybrid McEliece Scheme) using a single power consumption trace. HyMES is a variant of McEliece cryptosystem that provides smaller keys and faster encryption and decryption speed. During the decryption, the algorithm computes the parity-check matrix which is required when computing the syndrome. We analyzed HyMES using the fact that the joint distributions of nonlinear functions used in this process depend on the secret key. To the best of our knowledge, we were the first to propose the side-channel analysis based on joint distributions of leakages on public-key cryptosystem.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.91-100
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• 2011

This study aimed at the identity of the landscape architectural award, which is the highest authority award system in landscape architecture; the establishment of cooperation between the landscape architecture and urban public sector, which deals with infrastructure is significantly requested nowadays. The identity characteristic of a detailed concept which configures the sameness in the shape of inner self-cognition and individuality as external and correlative cognition are utilized as the research methodology, and the findings are summarized as follows. The Korean Landscape Architectural Award holds an internal value as the only award in landscape architecture that is granted municipalities and public agencies. However, when it is compared with several correlated award systems, the vulnerable sides such as short origin and partly limping in terms of sustainability, the possibilities of losing the interest in the public sector due to management's reform program and insufficient participants and responses regarding social authority have been found. In addition, according to the today's paradigm tha taims for green cities, the aspect that shares the large portion with the values set by detailed categories of city planning that enforces metropolis awards is also in the spotlight. Hence, the landscape architectural award should construct specialization and development strategies by strengthening the superiority compared with the city award in the field of city planning. In other words, the Ministry of Land, not limited to the systematic cooperation with various administrative areas will be strengthened and it will communicate with the aspect that reinforces characters as an academic and practical area that covers various districts and disciplines. Thus, the identity is directly connected to the landscape architectural award's competitive reinforcement as a detailed characteristic variously combined, and it requires huge interest and discussions regarding internal and external landscape architecture areas and the democratic public discussion process.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.42-58
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to classify types of urban flower landscape. As a result of the study, first, through literature and case review, it was found that the four elements of place element, form element, natural element, artificial element, should be included in the sentence and key expression for defining the concept of flower landscape. In contemplating these four elements, a newly reconstructed concept of flower landscape was presented. This is expected to be the basis for the flower landscape integration theory. Second, flower landscape was defined as a genre and a unit of urban landscape. In addition, in order to build a system of flower landscape as a specialized area, after considering the concept, characteristics, and functions of a large category of urban landscape, its hierarchical categories with flower landscape were newly arranged. Thus, the flower landscape as an urban landscape was suggested. Third, in order to provide rational selection materials to consumers through type classification, related theories were investigated by expanding not only to the flower field, but also to the urban planning and urban ecology fields. 41 elements for the type classification were extracted, and 4 core elements were derived through the clustering process. Based on the 4 elements as the classification criteria, through the opinion verification from the FGI with experts, 9 types of middle-classification and 30 types of small-classification were derived. As a follow-up research suggestion, if a valid type is additionally established through a monitoring in the type application process, and more specified application types are developed and organized by expanding second-level classification hierarchy to the third-level hierarchy, this will lead to great studies improving the system of the types.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.510-521
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of perspectives toward English education for infants between directors and teachers, and to find out perspectives of directors and teachers toward English education for infants. Research questions were developed as follows. 1. What was the current condition of English education for infants? 2. What were the differences of perspectives toward English education for infants between directors and teachers? The subjects of this study were 108 directors and 241 teachers of day care centers in Busan. The questionnaire consisted of three categories of general background, general perspectives, and conditions of English education in the classroom in charge. The results of this study were as follows: First, it was appeared that more than half of day care centers provided English education for infants, and infants of 24~36 months were mainly taught English for less than 30 minutes once or twice a week based on director's policy. English teachers were mostly Korean majored in English, and songs, finger plays, storytelling, games, repeating sentences based on picture card, picture books, and story books were mostly used teaching methods. Second, both directors and teachers thought that goal of English education for infants was motivation and interests in English, contents of English education were songs and finger plays, and Korean English teachers were appropriate for infants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.160-177
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• 1988

This study is an analysis of the teachers' health problems that focuses on the frequencies and types of their visiting to school clinics and the management of health-related problems. The participants for this study are consisted of 1,650 teachers employed at 30 public schools in the Seoul area. Data for the study came from diagnostic records for 1986, the results of a questionaire-type survey conducted between June 20th and of the same year an from other documents recorded by school nurses. The main results of this study are as follows: 1. The teachers' health problems. a) According to health diagnosis records, 6.1 % of all teachers had a health problem. Liver-related ailments topped the list, followed by circulatory and diabetic problems. b) The survey data had 71.9 % of the respondents indicating that trey suffered from some health problem. The most frequent response concerned respiratory problems, followed by gastro-intestinal and nervous system problems. c) A check of clinic utilization records revealed that the main reasons for visiting are concerned with fatigue (30.5 %), gastro-intestinal(18.7 %) and respiratory(18.2 %) ailments. These three categories accounted for 67.4 % of total use. 2. Frequencies of their visiting to school clinics 40.5 % of the teachers indicated that they have visited the school clinic. And 62.0 % visited it with a self-diagnosed ailment and 15.3 % utilized the facility after a problem had been detected in a health examination. Clinics were visited a total of 1,458 times which breaks down to 0.9 times per month per teacher. For a patient, the figures are 2.2 times on the average with a range from 1 to 19. 3. Health management problems a) Of those respondents. 53.4 % stated that they didn't have enough time to consult about their health problems and diagnose their disease b) Also, 47.3 % of the respondents indicated that school nurses should give health counsels and health education. c) When questioned about improvements in the current system, the teachers placed importance on the prevention and management of chronic diseases (35.2 %) and pre- and posteducation concerning periodic health examinations In conclusion, the following points must be considered: First, school administrators need to pay more attention to the health problems of the teachers. Second, school nurses should be more active in managing a health program for teachers. Finally, education and training for nurses should be continually upgraded so that they can dispense proper and timely care for teachers.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2020

For humans, soybean and soybean products are the main dietary sources of isoflvones, which are polyphenolic compounds that represent one of the most common categories of phytoestrogens. The objective of this study was to determine isoflavone concentrations in soybean cultivars during germination when treated with some biotic substances. Three soybean cultivars were germinated in replicated trials in 2018/2019 and their individual and total isoflavone concentrations were determined using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). Significant differences were observed in total isoflavone content were observed among cultivars regardless of years and treatments. 'Daepung2-ho' and 'Uram' had significantly higher total isoflavones than 'Pungsannaul-kong'. Differences among treatments were also significant for total isoflavone content. In 2018, with chitosan treatment, total isoflavone concentration ranged from 551.15 to 7584.07 ㎍ g^-1, with an average of 2972.64 ㎍ g^-1 across cultivars. In 2019, there was no significant difference among treatments in total isoflavone content. Regarding individual isoflavone concentrations, the malonyl-glucoside groups accounted for over 85% of the total isoflavone content, which is indicated that these groups play an important role with regard to isoflavone components in soybean seeds. The individual proportions in the total concentrations of isoflavones varied according to germination period and seed tissues. Glucosides and malonyl-glucosides showed differences in concentrations among seed tissues, aglycones were further accumulated as germination period was progressed. This study suggests that biotic substances have an impact on seed isoflavone content during germination. However, cultivars with consistently high or low isoflavone concentrations across biotic substance treatments were identified desspite differences in germination period and seed tissues, demonstrating that the genetic factor plays the most important role in isoflavone accumulation.