• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.565-572
• /
• 2013

Hydration and physical characteristics of chemically-bonded phosphate ceramic (CBPC) binder based on dead-burned Mg-O with six different blends are investigated for efficient repair construction material by retarding set phase with $H_3BO_3$. The test specimen of the blender with silica fume shows higher compressive strength after 75 days. The CBPC with silica fume results in higher modulus of rupture that others. The test specimens of CBPC eludes lower calcium ion than that of OPC (Ordinay Portland Cement). The X-ray diffraction pattern shows that hydration results in the formation of magnesium hydroxide, M-S-H gel and $MgCO_3$ for the specimen with silica fumes. Combination with calcium for MgO is not desirable due to no formation of chemical bond between two components. Based on the experimental program, the mixture of MgO and silica fume shows efficient performance in strength and durability.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.5 no.1 s.5
• /
• pp.41-68
• /
• 1996

Stone-cultural-properties, distributed In the area, have been investigated and studied on the characteristics and the rock phases in the geological and conservational point of view. Stone-Buddhas in the area can be subdivided into Maebul-, General -, and Massive rock-types according to their styles. The rocks used in these stone-cultural-properties are mainly massive, coarse grained biotite granite of the Jurassic age, which is widely distributed around the Reckon-gun area. However, quartz-feldspathic banded gneiss, marble, phyllite and hornblendite are also used. These rocks are mainly distributed in the Yongin-gun area. This suggests that the rocks used. These rocks are strongly influenced by chemical weathering so that the rock surface is very irregular with $2\~3mm$ relief. Biotite granite used shows generally weathered surface of brown color due to chemical weathering of feldspars. Moss are pervasive partly on the surface to show black and/or green colors. The strong weathering may induce secondarily to appear the igneous lineation, onion-structure, and/or minor cracks latent in the rocks. The cultural properties In the area are relatively well conserved except Maebuls and one(Duchangri 3-story) pagoda. However, one stone-buddha may be grinded recently by machine to take off the weathered surface resulting in the loss of its age and the original detailed shape. For conservation, they must be scientifically considered on the shape, kind of the rock phase and characteristics of the weathered phenomena.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.8
• /
• pp.5627-5635
• /
• 2015

The goal of this study is to identify the main strategies through the evaluation on sustainability of urban regeneration projects in Shanghai. To achieve these goals the following specific objectives was carried out; First, 4 main sectors of Sustainability are categorized by literature review; Physical Environment, Social Economy, History Culture and Execution Management. Second, 4 cases are evaluated in terms of main sectors and main strategies are derived. Lastly, the implication and its conclusion are estimated. In conclusion. 'Mixed & high-density land use', 'Improvement in green environment', 'Induction of specific Industry and facility', 'Preservation of Regional Cultural heritage', 'Strengthen cultural identity in the Central area' and etc. are main strategies to improve sustainability of urban regeneration.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.523-538
• /
• 2016

Besides their spiritual significance, minarets are humanity's cultural heritage to the future generations due to their historical and architectural attraction. Currently, many historical masonry minarets are damaged and destroyed due to several reasons such as earthquakes and wind. Therefore, safety of these religiously significant buildings needs to be thoroughly investigated. The utmost care must be taken into account while investigating these structures. Our study investigated earthquake behavior of historical masonry minaret of Haci Mahmut Mosque. Destructive and non-destructive tests were carried out to determine earthquake safety of this structure. Brick-stone masonry material properties of structure were determined by accomplishing ultrasonic wave velocity, Schmidt Hammer, uniaxial compression (UAC) and indirect tension (Brazilian) tests. Determined material properties were used in the finite element analysis of the structure. To validate the numerical analysis, Operational Modal Analysis was applied to the structure and dynamic characteristics of the structure were determined. To this end, accelerometers were placed on the structure and vibrations due to environmental effects were followed. Finite element model of the minaret was updated using dynamic characteristics of the structure and the realistic numerical model of the structure was obtained. This numerical model was solved by using earthquake records of Turkey with time history analysis (THA) and the realistic earthquake behavior of the structure was introduced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.128-136
• /
• 2018

This study was centered on the protested data of the issue of "History of Landscape Architecture" in the handwritten course of landscaping articles of National Qualifications Test. The purpose of this study is to examine the types of social problems in the process of correcting erroneous historical facts. The purpose of this study was to find alternatives for the development of the field of landscape and culture history that can assist in the verification of the historical facts of the landscape sciences examination questions. The main results are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the contents of the landscape architects' subject matter, the establishment of concept of landscape style and form and the confirmation of historical facts were investigated as important types to be established for development of landscape landscape history department. It seems that the social consensus of the expert group is needed to supplement the lack of data to refer to landscape architectural theory. Second, the analysis of the problematic narrative contents resulted in a total of five types of questionnaires. The appeared in the Undefined style and form(52.94%), Unproven historical facts(25.13%), Obscurity Era classification(11.77%), Lack of specificity(6.95%), Content scope of obscurity events(3.21%) Third, it is not only the lack of information to learn the theory by comparing and analyzing the contents of the statements in the landscape architect 's question items, but also the difference of contents between books was analyzed as the main cause of the problem. As a result of examining the characteristics and examples of the issues raised in landscape architectural problems, it was related to the social phenomenon, and it was classified into cultural factors and political factors. Fourth, the resolution of problematic issues in landscape architects' landscaping articles, which are national technical qualification tests, shows positive results. The information determined in the process of solving the perceived content can be used directly in landscaping field, and it helps the accuracy of the verification process by identifying the types and characteristics of the issues.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.258-271
• /
• 2019

Recent changes in inter-Korean relations have encouraged South Korean archaeologists' interest in northern cultural heritage and their desire to conduct research. However, it is doubtful how much the South Korea really knows about the cultural ruins in North Korea and the cultural ruins to be found in the DMZ. In Korea, research data on the Japanese colonial period is scattered amongst national institutions and it is not possible to to collect, identify and document the data available in each institution. Typically, the data of Keiichi Ogawa(小川敬吉) is difficult to understand in its printed from. In addition, Ogawa has collected data from several national government agencies, and work is underway to collect architectural data and construct digital archives. This situation will not occur if we publish the data collected so far in digital form. Therefore, there is an urgent need to fully disclose the data related to Cheolwon which is owned by national institutions. If this data is analyzed, sufficient archaeological information can be obtained without excavation. On the other hand, one must wonder if the whole landscape of Cheolwon castle of Taebongguk cand be understood by investigating the interior of Cheolwon castle. This effort should be preceded by a survey on the ruins and the remains of the southern part of the southern boundary line. Rapid development and large-scale arrangement of cultivated land are likely to make it difficult to restore the external landscape related to the tillage demand that is required by the current situation. In the process of restoration of the actual Gyeongwon Line, it has been confirmed that serious irregularity has caused damage and the landscape has been transformed. In order to minimize these risks, it is urgent that we investigate the relics scattered in the southern part of the country, and not devote ourselves to the investigation of Cheolwon. In this regard, how much military, roads, excavation and archaeologists are prepared, centered on Cheolwon and scenery is an important question. I am curious as to how much preparation is provided to the Chulwon-gun and Gangwon-do in terms of administrative assistance, and how much archaeologists and excavation agencies are aware of the archaeological information of the inside and the southern part of the DMZ. Furthermore, how long have people been aware of the archaeological remains on the North Korean side? In order for da iscussion on Cheolwon and scenery to progress, it is necessary to carry out a precise investigation and accumulation of data on the remains in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.154-169
• /
• 2009

Korea is famous for a number of stone pagodas. In particular, it is noticeable that the stone pagodas came after wooden pagodas in all the Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Since the advent of wooden pagodas, it was during the latter half period of Three Kingdoms(especially, in the early Seventh century) that the first stone pagoda appeared at Mireuksa Temple site in imitation of the wooden ones. Now that no one can deny that Korean stone pagodas have developed, imitating the wooden pagodas. It is also obvious that the Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site is the prototype of Korean stone pagodas. However, this study casts doubt on the theory that the stone pagodas in the Silla Kingdom originated not from the wooden pagodas, but from the brick pagodas, whereas the stone pagodas in Baekje Kingdom which has been said to come from the wooden ones. The fact that the temples and pagodas in both Baekje and Silla were erected by the same builders and technicians is one of the evidences supporting the assertion of the study. This study, accordingly, examines on the origin of the Silla pagodas by supposing the two genealogies. The first one can be summarized in chronological order as follows: starting from wooden pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Mireuksa site, Stone Pagoda at Jungrimsa site, Stone Pagoda at Gameunsa site, and Stone Pagoda at Goseonsa site. The second one, on the other hand, runs as follows: starting from bick pagodas, Stone Pagoda at Bunhwangsa, Uiseong Tapri five-storied Stone Pagoda, Seonsan Jukjang-ri five-storied Stone Pagoda, and Seonsan Naksan-ri three-storied Stone Pagoda in order. As the above genealogies show, the origin of the stone pagodas has been an controversy, especially because of the two different points of view: the one is that the roof-supporting strata(Okgaesuk-Bachim) originated from the brick structure and the ancient tomb ceiling of Goguryeo Kingdom, and the other is that the strata is a sort of the simplified design of the wooden roof structure. This study, however, takes note of the difference in length of the strata between the brick pagodas and the stone pagodas; the former stretches out its strata longer than the latter. Consequently, the study points out that the roof-supporting strata of the stone pagodas is originally a sort of modification of the wooden roof structure.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.40-59
• /
• 2010

Anssolim is the unique technique which standing columns lean in a inward direction of buildings in traditional architecture, which has not been thoroughly investigated to this day. With a dearth of previous studies, the anssolim technique can only be examined through detailed three-dimensional surveys. The main halls of Korean palaces can be seen as buildings that were built with the regulations of the day in mind, making them excellent research subjects when studying the anssolim technique. The findings can be summarized as follows. 1. In the main halls that were studied, anssolim was applied most to main space (eokan) columns, then lessened for peripheral columns. 2. The largest second-floor cheoma columns were placed inward in the eokan, then became smaller as with the peripheral columns. In the case of the eokan, the columns were arranged according to the size of the anssolim. 3. The second-floor cheoma column anssolim in the middle-floor main hall were generally a third or a quarter of the size of those on the first floor. As on the first floor, the largest anssolim were applied to the eokan columns, then became gradually smaller towards the periphery columns. 4. In the palace main halls, the largest anssolim were used for the eokan columns, and became smaller with the peripheral columns. This unique structure can be seen to be a Korean technique that deviates from the Chinese "Yingzaofashi(營造法式)" techniques. Although this study is limited in that it only studies the main hall of Korean palaces, it is significant in that it shed new light on the technological implications of the anssolim technique, and can be used as important data for research into the history of technology. Although this type of data is difficult to extrapolate, it has been made as accurate as possible by minimizing the margin of error in the data for the palaces that were actually studied.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.46-59
• /
• 2023

Various Baekje ground-level building sites have been identified, in Pungnaptoseong Fortress, including Mirae Village's site E-1. However, building site E-1 is the only one with excavated roof tiles that are directly connected to the building site. As for building sites E-2, D-1, and D-2, which are comparable to site E-1, it is very possible that they had tiles on the roof based on their jeoksim (blocking facilities for roof slopes) and building structures. Also, although they are semi-underground pit structures, pit building sites A-30 and modern apartment site A-5, as well as the No.44 remains of Gyeongdang District, which is closer to a ground-level type, the buildings with tiles may have been constructed in the form of partial tile roofs rather than full-face tile roofs. Therefore, there may be several reasons behind the use of tiles on roofs in the early days, but the primary background of the building's authoritative function would have been considered first. Considering that China and Japan started using tiles on nationally important buildings such as palaces, temples, and ritual buildings, it may be presumed that Baekje began using tiles from the time it centralized power. It is believed that Baekje's early roof tile buildings evolved from rudimentary residential architecture to advanced public architecture, taking into consideration fire prevention and structural stability in large buildings. It is difficult to find similar cases in Korea with structural features such as the elevated foundations or underground stone foundations that can be found in Mirae Village building site E-1. Rather, similar architectural techniques can be found in China and Japan. In China, similar construction techniques were discovered in buildings of worship that were primarily built in the palace surroundings, such as Jangan Castle. Based on this, it appears that roof tile building sites, such as site E-1, that have been discovered have a strong correlation with the characteristics of buildings of worship, and ground type buildings, such as sites D-1 and D-2, are important facilities that are related to important public facilities such as state-run warehouses. This provides many implications regarding the early Baekje city structure.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2023

This study attempts to examine the process of establishing a Japanese-style garden in the modern period through the perspectives of garden designers, spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used in their works, and to use it as data for embodying the identity of Korean garden. The results are as follows: First, by incorporating elements associated with Koreanness into the modern garden culture, there are differences in location, presence, and subjectivity when compared to Japan. This reflects Japan's relatively seamless cultural continuity compared to Korea's cultural disconnection during the modern period. Second, prior to the modern period, Japan's garden culture spread and continued to develop throughout the country without significant interruptions. However, during the modern period, the Meiji government promoted the policy of 'civilization and enlightenment (Bunmei-kaika, 文明開化)' and introduced advanced European and American civilizations, leading to the popularity of Western-style architectural techniques. Unfortunately, the rapid introduction of Western culture caused the traditional Japanese culture to be overshadowed. In 1879, British architect Josiah Condor guided Japanese architects and introduced atelier and traditional designs of Japanese gardens into the design. The garden style of Ogawa Jihei VII, a garden designer in Kyoto during the Meiji and Taisho periods, was accepted by influential political and business leaders who sought to preserve Japan's traditional culture. And a protection system of garden was established through the preparation of various laws and regulations. Third, as a comprehensive analysis of Japanese modern gardens, the examination of garden designers, Japanese components, materials, elements, and the Japanese-style showed that Yamagata Aritomo, Ogawa Jihei VII, and Mirei Shigemori were representative garden designers who preserved the Japanese-style in their gardens. They introduced features such as the creation of a Daejicheon(大池泉) garden, which involves a large pond on a spacious land, as well as the naturalistic borrowed scenery method and water flow. Key components of Japanese-style gardens include the use of turf, winding garden paths, and the variation of plant species. Fourth, an analysis of the Japanese-style elements in the target sites revealed that the use of flowing water had the highest occurrence at 47.06% among the individual elements of spatial composition. Daejicheon and naturalistic borrowed scenery were also shown. The use of turf and winding paths were at 65.88% and 78.82%, respectively. The alteration of tree species was relatively less common at 28.24% compared to the application of turf or winding paths. Fifth, it is essential to discover more gardens from the modern period and meticulously document the creators or owners of the gardens, the spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used. This information will be invaluable in uncovering the identity of our own gardens. This study was conducted based on the analysis of the process of establishing the Japanese-style during Japan's modern period, utilizing examples of garden designers and gardens. While this study has limitations, such as the absence of in-depth research and more case studies or specific techniques, it sets the stage for future exploration.