• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.251-277
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• 2019

The Gogunsan Archipelago is composed of two island groups; the first group includes Mal-do, Myeong-do, Gwangdae-do, and Bangchuk-do islands consisting of Neoproterozoic rocks, and the second group includes Yami-do, Sinsi-do, Muneo-do, Jangja-do, and Seonyu-do islands consisting of Cretaceous rocks. The first group mainly consists of the Bangchuk formation which can be divided into two layers; the lower layer was more deformed than the upper layer. The former was intruded by mafic and felsic volcanic rocks formed in the volcanic arc tectonic setting 930-890 Ma and the latter was deposited ca. 825-800 Ma. In these islands, large scale folds with east-west fold axes were beautifully formed; the Maldo island fold was designated as natural monument and large scale beautiful chevron fold was developed on the Gwangdae-do island. In addition, there are unique zebra-shaped outcrop formed by a mixing of basic and acidic magma and Independent Gate shaped outcrop formed by coastal erosion. On the other hand, the Yami-do, Sinsi-do, Muneo-do, Jangja-do and Seonyu-do islands consist of 92-91Ma Cretaceous volcanic rocks and, in Sinsi-do island, the Nanshan formation deposited ca. 92 Ma. These Cretaceous volcanic rocks formed by melting of the continental crust by the heat supplied from the uplifting mantle due to the extension caused by a retreat of subducting ocean slab. Yami-do and Sinsi-do islands are composed of rhyolite. In Yami-do island, bands with vertical joint formed by cooling of the bottom part of the lava, are shown. In Sinsi-do island, large-scale vertical joints formed by cooling of lava flow, were developed. The Jangja-bong of Jangja-do island and Mangju-bong of Seonyu-do island are composed of brecciated rhyolite and formed a ring shaped archipelago contributing to the development of marine culture by providing natural harbor condition. They also provide beautiful views including 'Seonyu 8 views' along with other islands. As mentioned above, the Gogunsan archipelago is rich in geoheritages and associated cultural and historical resources, making it worth as a National Geopark.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1996

Background: The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) based on clinical findings is often elusive and therefore requires confirmative diagnostic method. Pulmonary angiography, though the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, is an invasive method and requires trained personnel and special equipment. Lung V/Q scan, on the other hand, is a noninvasive method but the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity arc not satisfactory in case that the results are either intermediate or low probability scan. Plasma D-dimer is generated when a thrombus is fibrinolysed by plasmin and is known to be increased in various thrombotic disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of the determination of plasma D-dimer level in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. Methods: Pulmonary angiography was performed in 17 patients who were clinically suspected to have pulmonary embolism. 9 patients(PE, $56{\pm}13.4$ yrs, M:F=8:1) were diagnosed to have pulmonary embolism by pulmonary angiography. The control group were the 8 patients with negative pulmonary angiography and 13 orthopedic patients with no evidence of pulmonary embolism on scintigraphic and impedance plethysmographic studies(n=21) (non-PE, $54.5{\pm}11.1$ yrs, M:F=11:10). Plasma D-dimer was measured by latex agglutination method in study subjects and the results were analyzed according to the presence or absence of pulmonary embolism. Results: 1) The increased level of plasma D-dimer was more frequently observed in the patients with pulmonary embolism than in the controls(>0.5 mg/L, 8 in PE, 10 in non-PE; <0.5 mg/L, 1 in PE, 11 in non-PE, p=0.049). 2) The diagnostic value of plasma D-dimer level higher than 0.5 mg/L were as follows: sensitivity 88.9%(8/9), specificity 52.4%(11/21), positive predictive value 44.4%(8/18), and negative predictive value 91.7%(11/12). Conclusion: Plasma D-dimer determination showed high sensitivity and negative predictive value in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and is therefore thought to be useful in excluding the possibility of pulmonary embolism.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was investigated the relationship between the male and female of near stereoacuity and phoria, and was examined the correlations between near stereoacuity and phoria and refractive error. Methods: Adult 83 (male 36, female 47, mean age $21.09{\pm}1.74$(19~29) years old) target was examined after full correction of refractive error. Near stereoacuity was measured by using Titmus-fly Stereotest(Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and RANDOT Stereotest (Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), phoria was measured by using modified torrington method, at distance 40 cm. Results: In near stereoacuity, male was better good than female, and there was no difference between male and female (p>0.05). In near phoria, female was more higher than male, and there was a significant difference between male and female (p<0.05). Near stereoacuity by Titmus-fly test and Randot test result respectively was $262.17{\pm}562.43$ sec (second of arc) $243.08{\pm}68.04$ sec in esophoria, $148.42{\pm}269.54$ sec, $107.40{\pm}263.74$ sec in orthophoria, $113.94{\pm}152.46$ sec, $79.70{\pm}136.83$ sec in exophoria, there was a no difference between three phoria groups (p>0.05), and was a high correlation between phoria and near stereoacity(r=0.68). In addition, near stereoacuity in the refractive error respectively was $80.00{\pm}571.43$ sec, $68.75{\pm}36.82$ sec in myopia, $133.57{\pm}224.15$ sec, $93.14{\pm}214.95$ sec in hyperopia, $511.20{\pm}855.00$ sec, $511.4{\pm}855.60$ sec, there was a significant difference between three phoria groups (p<0.05). when was classfiied near stersoacuity into degree of refractive error, near stersoacuity was best in emmetropia, and was reduced when refractive error was highest in high degree myopia, and hyperopia. Conclusions: Titmus-fly Stereotest and RANDOT Stereotest result, near stereoacuity of adults, when esophoria and high degree refractive error, was reduced, there was a relationship between near stereoacuity with phoria, and refractive error. In this both stereotests if was bad when near stereoacuity can expect a phoria and refractive error.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 2010

A dam is effective in stable supply of water required in daily life and reduction of damage from floods. hut a lot of land or houses arc submerged due to the construction of a darn heavily affecting environment in surrounding areas. In order to improve and support daily life environment. surrounding a dam, many projects have been conducted. and the study has focused on analyzing bow to calculate error characteristics of scale effect for submerged area by using GIS spatial overlay. First, as a result of areal error in submerged area by scale based on a 1/3,000 digital topographic map, it was found that the 1/5,000 digital topographic map is 9.5 times, 9.0 times and 10.5 times more accurate than the 1/25,000 digital topographic map, respectively, in the total of areal error, standard error and areal error for submerged area. Second, as a result of analysis on areal error in areas surrounding a dam, it has been found that Jinan-eup in Jinan-gun registered the largest difference in area within 2km and 2~5km catchment area by recording 13.8 times and 20.6 times, respectively, in the 1/5,000 digital topographic map compared to the 1/25,000 digital topographic map. In addition, in areas out of catchment area within 2km, the area of occupation was very small, so there were no characteristics in error. The out of catchment area, Nami-myeon in Geumsan-gun recorded the largest errors of 31.8 times. Finally, it was found that the ratio of the total areal error in area surrounding a dam, standard error and the total areal error in the entire area using 1,5000 digital topographic map is 7.4 times, 11.8 times and 7.4 times more accurate than the 1/25,000 digital topographic map.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1986

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. One is to investigate the determinants of the demand supply of labor, and another is to project long-term demand and supply of labor. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, theoretical models and important hypotheses are discussed: for the case of a labor supply model, issues regarding discouraged worker model, permanent wage hypothesis, and relative wage hypothesis are examined and for the case of a demand model, issues regarding estimating an employment demand equation within the framework of an inverted short-run produc- tion function are inspected. Particularly, a theoretical justification for introducing a demographic cohort variable in a labor supply equation is also investigated. In the second part, empirical results of the estimated supply and demand equations are analyzed. Supply equations are specified differently between primary and secondary labor force. That is, for the case of primary labor force groups including males aged 25 and over, attempts are made to explain the variations in participation behavior within the framework of a neo-classical economics oriented permanent wage hypothesis. On the other hand, for the case of females and young male labor force, variations in participation rates are explained in terms of a relative wage hypothesis. In other words, the participation behavior of primary labor force is related to short-rum business fluctuations, while that of secondary labor force is associated with intermediate swings of business cycles and demographic changes in the age structure of population. Some major findings arc summarized as follows. (1) For the case of males aged 14~19 and 2O~24 groups and females aged 14∼19, the effect of schhool enrollment rate is dominant and thus it plays a key role in explaining the recent declining trend of participation rates of these groups. (2) Except for females aged 20∼24, a demographic cohort variable, which captures the impact of changes in the age structure on participation behavior, turns out to show positive and significant coefficients for secondary labor force groups. (3) A cyclical variable produce significant coefficients for prime-age males and females reflecting that as compared to other groups the labor supply behavior of these groups is more closely related to short-run cyclical variations (4) The wage variable, which represents a labor-leisure trade-off turns out to yield significant coefficients only for older age groups (6O and over) for both males and females. This result reveals that unlike the experiences of other higer-income nations, the participation decision of the labor force of our nation is not highly sensitive with respect to wage changes. (5)The estimated result of the employment demand equation displays that given that the level of GNP remains constant the ability of the economy to absord labor force has been declining;that is, the elasticity of GNP with respect to labor absorption decreasre over time. In the third part, the results of long-term projections (for the period of 1986 and 1995) for age-sex specific participation rates are discussed. The participation rate of total males is anticipated to increase slightly, which is contrary to the recent trend of declining participation rates of this group. For the groups aged 25 and below, the participation rates are forecast to decline although the magnitude of decrease is likely to shrink. On the other hand, the participation rate of prime- age males (25 to 59 years old) is predicted to increase slightly during 1985 and 1990. For the case of females, except for 20∼24 and 25∼34 age groups, the participation rates are projected to decrease: the participation rates of 25∼34 age group is likely to remain at its current level, while the participation rate of 20∼24 age group is expected to increase considerably in the future (specifi- cally, from 55% in 1985 to 61% in 1990 and to 69% in 1995). In conclusion, while the number of an excess supply of labor will increase in absolute magnitude, its size as a ratio of total labor force is not likely to increase. However, the age composition of labor force is predicted to change; that is, the proportion of prime-age male and female labor force is projected to increase.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1 s.43
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• pp.25-38
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• 2006

Metamophic rocks of Samcheog area, northeastern Yeongnam massif, was studied petrochemically. This area includes Precambrian Hosanri Formation (schists and gneisses) and granitoid (Icheon granitic gneiss, leucocratic granite and Hongjesa granite), Cambrian sedimentary rocks, and Cretaceous sedimentary and acidic volcanic rocks. Hosanri formation is composed of quartz+plagioclase+K-feldspar+biotite+muscovite+granet${\pm}$cordierite${\pm}$sillimanite. Mineral assemblage of biotite granitic gneiss, which is massive granodioritic rock with weak foliation, is similar to Hosanri formation. According to mineral assemblages, metamorphic rocks of studied area can be divided into two metamorphic zones (garnet and sillimanite zones). From Icheonri area, major, trace and rare earth element data of biotite granitic gneiss and luecocratic granite suggest that source rock is politic rocks of Hosanri formation and source magma was formed by anatexis and experienced fractionation of plagioclase. Trace element diagram show collisional environment such as syn-collisional, volcanic arc granite. Orientation of faults in study area have three maximum concentrations, $N54^{\circ}\;W/77^{\circ}\;SW,\;N49^{\circ}\;W/81^{\circ}\;NE\;and\;N10^{\circ}\;W/38^{\circ}\;NE$. Structure analysis suggests that faults in study area ware formed by uplift and compression. Faulting age is guessed after Tertiary because some shear joints is developed in dikes to intrusive Cretaceous acidic volcanic rock. Hosanri formation and Icheon granitic gneiss had experienced similar deformation history because they have maximum concentration to foliations, $N89^{\circ}\;E/55^{\circ}\;SE\;and\;N80^{\circ}\;E/45^{\circ}\;SE$, respectively.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.209-225
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• 2010

The Shinri area near the Yedang Lake, the eastern part of the Hongseong area in SW Gyeonggi Massif, consists of the Neoproterozoic Duckjeongri granodiorite-tonalite, mylonitized amphibole-bearing orthogneiss and impure marble with lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites. In this paper, we report mineralogical and geochemical data of Neoproterozoic lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites within marble of the Shinri area. The $SiO_2$ contents of garnet-bearing metabasites in marble vary between ~46.98 and 51.17 wt%, and the $Na_2O$ + $K_2O$ contents fall between ~1.95 and 2.85 wt%, similar to the tholeiitic sub-alkaline basaltic rocks. In the Zr/Y vs. Zr diagram, garnet-bearing metabasites also plot in the subalkaline basaltic rocks. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns for Shinri garnet-bearing metabasites show relatively flat patterns to that of chondrite. They show slight LREE-enriched and depleted patterns. The major and trace element data from lens-shaped garnet-bearing metabasites in marble of the Shinri area suggest that these rocks were formed in within plate. In contrast, previous major and trace element data of high pressure type garnet-bearing metabasites from the mafic-ultramafic complex in the Baekdong and Bibong areas suggest that these rocks were formed in a nascent arc to backarc spreading center within subduction zone setting. Based on mineral assemblage and mineral chemistry, P-T estimates for Shinri garnet-bearing metabasites are 9.6-12.7 kb, $695-840^{\circ}C$ for inclusions in the core, and 9.6-13.6 kb, $630-755^{\circ}C$ for those in the rim. These P-T estimates are distinct from those of the Baekdong and Bibong garnet-bearing metabasites with isothermal decompressional retrograde P-T path. In addition to Triassic tectonic activity previously reported in the Shinri area of Hongseong, the details of metamorphic history such as protolith age and Neo-Proterozoic metamorphic episode need to be solved.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.5 s.180
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• pp.555-566
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• 2006

Major, trace and rare earth elements data of the Cretaceous Jindong granitic rocks were investigated in order to constrain the magma source characteristics and to establish the paleotectonic environment of the southwestern part of the Gyeongsang Basin. Geochemical signatures of the granitic rocks from the study area indicate that all of the rocks have characteristics of calc-alkaline series in the subalkaline field, and progressively shift from metaluminous to peraluminous with differentiation. In the variation diagrams, the overall geochemical features of the granites show systematic variations in major and trace elements. Chondrite normalized REE patterns show generally enriched LREE((La/Yb)c=4.2-12.8) and slight negative to flat Eu anomalies. Rb-Sr isotope data of the Jindong granites show that the whole rock age and Sr initial ratio are $114.6{\pm}9.1Ma$ and 0.70457, respectively. The Sr initial ratio of the Jindong granites is very similar to those of the Creataceous granites from Masan, Kimhae and Busan area($^{87}Sr/^{86}Sr=0.7049-0.707$). These results suggest that the magma have the mantle signature and intruded into the area during the early Cretaceous age. The Jindong granites have higher $Al_{2}O_{3},\;Na_{2}O$, Sr and lower $K_{2}O$, Y concentrations compared with typical calc-alkaline granitic rocks. These adakitic signatures are similar to those of adakitic pluton on Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc. On the ANK vs. ACNK and tectonic discrimination diagrams, parental magma type of the granites corresponds to I-type, VAG granite. Interpretations of the geochemical characteristics of the granitic rocks favor their emplacement at continental margin during the subduction of Izanagi plate.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.124-141
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• 1998

The objectives of this study are to investigate the trace (minor) elemental and isotopic compositions of calcitic skeletons, such as barnacle, echinoid, branching and encrusting calcareous algae and oyster, from the eastern coast of Korean peninsula and Cheju Island, and to compare their variations with latitude, that is, the temperature of ambient seawater at which the skeletons grew. Articulated and encrusting red algae are composed of high-Mg calcite (7-21 mol% $MgCO_3$). Echinoids are also composed of high-Mg calcite (7-15 mol% $MgCO_3$). Whereas barnacles are composed of low-Mg calcite (1-5 mol% $MgCO_3$). The Mg compositions of articulated red algae, barnacle and oyster tend to increase with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and echinoid do not show any trend. Sr compositions of articulated red algae, echinoid and barnacle tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and oyster do not show any trend. Mn compositions of articulated red algae and encrusting red algae decrease with an increase of water temperature, whereas those of echinoid and barnacle do not show any trend. Fe compositions of articulated red algae tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae and oyster increase. Fe compositions of echinoid and barnacle do not show any trend with water temperature variations. Ba compositions of echinoid and low-magnesium calcitic skeletons do not show any trend with water temperature variations. Ba compositions of articulated red algae tend to decrease with increasing water temperature, whereas those of encrusting red algae increase. Cd and Pb compositions of all the skeletons tend to increase with increasing water temperature. Cu compositions of encrusting red algae increase with increasing water temperature, whereas articulated red algae, echinoid, barnacle and oyster do not show any trend. Zn compositions of high-magnesium calcitic skeletons and low-magnesium calcitic skeletons do not show any trend. Estimated water temperatures from oxygen isotopic data of all the skeletons except for the barnacle arc higher than the range of temperature of the shallow seawater of the East Sea and around Cheju Island. The oxygen isotopic compositions of oyster and echinoid are well clustered, and they do not show any trend with increasing water temperature. Therefore, this could reflect that the organisms have not secreted their shells in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with ambient seawater due to vital effect. Thus, the oxygen isotopic composition of barnacle can potentially be utilized for paleotemperature estimate whereas those of other organisms in this study may not be useful.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.288-294
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• 2009

Background: A lung hyperinflation, or air trapping, caused by expiratory flow-limitation contributes to dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$) has served as an important diagnostic measurement of COPD, but does not correlate with patient-centered outcomes such as dyspnea. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the role of radiologic quantity in evaluating the dyspnea in patients with COPD by measuring lung hyperinflation in chest x-ray and high resolution chest tomography (HRCT). Methods: Fifty patients with COPD were enrolled in this study. Their subjective dyspnea score (modified Borg scale dyspnea index), spirometry, and lung volume were measured. Simultaneous hyperinflations of chest x-ray score ("chest score") and degree of emphysema of HRCT ("HRCT score") were measured. The "chest score" were composed of lung length, retrosternal space width, and height of the arc of the diaphragm and "HRCT score" were composed of severity and extent of emphysema. Results: The mean age of patients was 69 years old and their mean $FEV_1$ was 51.7%. The Borg score significantly correlated with parameters of spirometry and lung volume, including FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, RV, RV/TLC, and DLCO. The Borg score correlated well with "HRCT score", but did not correlate with "chest score". Also, the Borg scale correlates inversely with body mass index. Conclusion: The quantity of emphysema on chest HRCT may serve as an objective marker of dyspnea in patients with COPD.