• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.371-381
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• 2023

The effectiveness of plant-based attractants was studied using large traps, which attracted relatively more snails in agricultural water drainage ditches and rice-cultivating environments, although their effectiveness in rice fields and lakes was limited. The rate began to rise after three hours of observation. Watermelon peel exhibited the highest apple snail attraction rate (13.8%), followed by potatoes (10.0%), and apple peel (8.8%). These values significantly differed from the attraction rate attributed to papaya leaves (F=3.84; P=0.0387). After 24 h, watermelon peel and apple peel indicated a higher rate of attraction (23.4% and 21.7%, respectively), which were significantly different compared with those of papaya leaves and potatoes (F=9.94; P=0.00455). Large bait traps outperformed funnel traps in capturing golden apple snails and trapped a significant number of snails measuring over 1 cm in size. Watermelon peel was the most effective attractant for a large bait trap, followed by apple peel, potatoes, and papaya leaves. On average, 110 snails were captured in the lure net. However, potatoes, apple peels, and papaya leaves caught an average of 93, 80, and 79 snails, respectively. Among the attractants, the lure effect of the snails was not significantly different. The efficiency of large bait traps in capturing snails, regardless of the plant attractant employed, followed the order: apple peel > watermelon peel and potatoes > papaya leaves > melon > Korean melon. Watermelon peel is highly recommended for farmer use, as well as apple peel and potatoes. Utilizing these snail attractants may contribute positively to developing a safe and environment-friendly integrated pest management strategy.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.129-137
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• 2008

Alien apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata, Pomacea insularus) used in environmentally-friendly agriculture are different from indigenous snails found in Korea. Due to high herbicidal effects and cost-effectiveness, the number of farmers using the snails has been growing every year since 2000. Moreover, in 2008, because of the outbreaks of avian influenza throughout the country from March to May, 2008, central and local governments recommended the use of alien apple snails in agriculture as an alternative to the ducks-oriented environmentally-friendly agriculture. Therefore, it is expected that the use of alien apple snails in agriculture should be expanded in a near future. Since alien apple snails lay eggs with 95.8% of eclosion rate, they are considered to be potential pests unlike indigenous snails. In addition, Japan, Taiwan and most of the southeast Asian countries had already experienced severe ecological and agricultural damage by the alien apple snails. Subsequently, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) designated P. canaliculata as one of "the 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species". It seems highly likely that the alien apple snails in Korea pose a potential threat to conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity since the snails were either found or invaded into the natural environments in some regions of Gangwon-Do and southern parts of Korean Peninsula. However, just recently, agricultural authorities and farmers using alien apple snails in agriculture opposed a proposition of designating the alien apple snails as an ecosystem-disturbing animal described by the Wildlife Protection Act. This is because there has been no concrete evidence of the ecological risk imposed by the alien snails up to now in Korea. Subsequently, in this paper, we analysed the ecological and agricultural risks imposed by the alien snails from the studies done in domestic and abroad. In addition, we proposed an urgent need and reasoning for ecological risk management of the alien snails at the national level as well as using the snails in agriculture.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.16 no.1_2
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• pp.21-24
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• 2000

The apple snails of the genus Pomacea have been introduced by the snail breeders illegally into Korea. Authors confirmed that the natural life cycle of at least two pomacean species, Pomacea canaliculata and P. insularus, has been already settled down locally in the southern areas of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.441-451
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• 2023

Golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) were first introduced as food for high protein source and were later widely used as a means of weeding in rice paddies by taking of their vigorous feeding habits. Since 2000, the wintering of golden snails has been found and damage to rice plants occurred by them. To prevent damage, a means to control golden apple snails has become necessary. In this study, we investigated the possibility of eco-friendly control of golden apple snail by using Styrax japonicus fruit that grow naturally in-country. When the ethanol extract of the fruit was treated for controlling golden apple snail, the effect of over 90% was confirmed at 250 and 125 ppm after 1 day. Using UPLC MS analysis, two major compounds, dihydrorotenone known as a natural pesticide was detected. The molluscicidal activity was confrimed at 50 ppm of dihydrorotenone standard material. Our results showed that the possibility of developing an eco-friendly agent of golden apple snail using S. japonicus fruit was confirmed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2002

This experiment was carried out to obtain some information about overwintering, physiological and ecological characteristics of apple snails. Another purpose of this experiment was to characterize an appetite for rice plants by apple snails and to elucidate their choice of fresh green ones (vegetables, some other crops, weeds in rice fields). The freshwater snails were found with higher population at sites abundant organic compounds such as plant debris and at regions with high temperature. They also prefer calcium-rich water. This is a naturally occurring process. Apple snails were exceptionally veil-adapted to the south regions of Korea, especially Janghang, Jangseong and Haenam, even if the temperature of winter season is cold below 0$^{\circ}C$. Apple snails were not very selective in their food choice and eat almost everything available in their environment. A snail have something called a radula in its mouth for grinding up its food. A apple snail also chews on fruits and young succulent plant barks. In case of reproduction. apple snails deposit about 157$\sim$784 (average of 321 eggs) milky white to pale orange colored eggs above the waterline. In approximately every 22.4 seconds a new egg appears. The total time needed to deposit a egg mass varies from 58 minutes$\sim$4 hours 13 minutes. Apple snails reproduct actively from May to June and from September to October. An appetite of apple snails for rice plants was the different depending on their size and glowing stage for rice plants. Apple snails had a great appetite of rice plants as well as dropwort, tomato, cabbage, radish, aquatic plants etc. They preferred to eat young rice plants and drastically quit eating rice plants of over 40 cm in height. Thus considering the food preference of apple snail for various plants including rice, they were thought to be a potentially strong predator in fields, especially, at regions with warmer winter.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.403-411
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• 2013

This study was performed to examine whether it is possible to promote rice growth by midsummer drainage without damage of golden apple snails in environment-friendly rice farming. The effect of drainage on the life of snails was examined in a greenhouse before the filed experiment. Spats (young shells) of snails survived 100% at 12 days after drainage, and 93.3% at 15 days after drainage. The midsized shells survived 100% at 9 days, 93.3% at 12 days, and 86.6% at 15 days after drainage. In the field experiment, 10-days drainage did not affect the snail population and there was no significant difference of weeding activity of snails between the midsummer drainage treatment and the continuous submerged treatment. The plant height and the effective tiller number in the midsummer drainage treatment were higher than those of the continuous submerged treatment. The rice yield of midsummer drainage plot was 511kg/10a, which was 66kg/10a higher than 445kg/10a of continuous submerged plot. In conclusion, midsummer drainage could increase rice growth and yield without damage of golden apple snails in the environment-friendly rice farming.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.340-346
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• 2008

This study investigated the microbial safety of apple snails and intermediate-moisture-content apple snail products subjected to various treatments, according counts of total bacteria, Escherichia coli, mold and yeast during storage at 4C Heating of raw apple snails at 95C for 5 min increased the storage period in relation to total bacteria, E. coli, mold and yeast-cell growth. Addition of 10% NaCl and 50% vinegar increased the microbial safety of apple snails. Microorganisms were not detected for 14 weeks in vacuum-packaged intermediate-moisture-content apple snail products stored at either 4C or 30C. These results suggest that heat treatment of raw apple snails, soaking in 10% NaCl and 50% vinegar solutions, and vacuum-packaging increases the shelf-life and microbial safety of apple snail products.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.413-426
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• 2023

These experiments were conducted for 3 years from 2021 to 2023 to develop a method that can be safely used to prevent the leakage of Golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) from eco-friendly rice plantations. In the southern part of Jeollanam-do, after planting rice, the young golden apple snails placed in the rice field become adults around mid-July and begin spawning. These individuals can overwinter in drains that do not dry out, but individuals hatched after mid-July will not mature enough to overwinter. The size of golden apple snails overwintered in the drainage canal was more than 2.5cm in shell height. Installing a net at the inlet could block 95% of the inflow of snails, and 99% of outflow was blocked by installing an improved water trap and net at the drain. During the mid-drying period and pre-harvest drying period, a water path was created with a power paddy pottery machine. 59.5% of snails were attracted to the waterway, and it took 130 minutes to build the waterway and collect the snails. Based on these results, seasonal paddy management tips for the safe use of giant snails in rice fields were suggested.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to determine a potential effective biological weed control and/or rice young seedling injury by golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) at wet hill seeded rice field. The rice seeds used were treated by iron-coating. The efficacy of weed control as affected by golden apple snail has been tested with twice applications of young golden apple snails of 12 kg (24,000 young snails, $0.5g{\pm}10%$ per young snail, 30~40 days after hatching) per ha at the same day after harrowing and applied with rate of 10 kg (20,000 young snails) per ha at 15days after seeding, respectively. The comparison of this experiment was of the conventional machine transplanted rice paddy field in terms of weed control and rice plant injury as a visual grade. The weed efficacy was of 100% similar with the conventional paddy field which was applied by systematic herbicides of pre-emergence and post-emergence chemical herbicides and there was 1~3% significant rice young seedling injury but no yield losses and grain quality due to the input of golden apple snail.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.117-122
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• 2007

This study was investigated the potential of ducks and fish trap for the control of golden apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, in paddy field and water canals. The smaller size of duck (700g) preyed snails than the bigger one (1,300g). The consumption of two ducks was bigger under plastic house. They preyed over 90% on the second days of release. The release time of ducks was more effective at seven days after inoculation of snails than simultaneous. Duck could suppress the density of snails at any time from month after inoculation. Four ducks per $30m^2$ could control snails in an irrigation canals. The number of attracted golden apple snail per week was 216 in big fish trap $({\Phi}15cm)$ with menthol paste which for a carp.