• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.514-517
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• 2004

Expeller pressed and solvent extracted palm kernel cake (PKC) were force-fed to male and female Muscovy ducks at 7 weeks of age. The nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), true metabolizable energy (TME) and true available amino acid (TAAA) digestibilities were determined. There was no significant (p>0.05) effect of the type of PKC used on crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. However, digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was found to be higher in solvent extracted compared to expeller pressed PKC. The average digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and EE were 43, 58, 39 and 89%, espectively. It was found that the ducks utilized about 47% of the gross energy of PKC. The respective average AMEn and TMEn values of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 1,743 and 1,874 kcal/kg. The overall TAAA of PKC for Muscovy ducks was 65%. The data on the TMEn and digestible AA for PKC obtained from this study provide new information with regard to diet formulation for Muscovy ducks.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

본 연구는 사료내 에너지 수준 및 단백질 수준이 토종오리의 생산성, 도체 특성 및 영양소 이용율에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 수행되었다. 토종오리(Initial BW, $45.38{\pm}0.22g$)를 480수 공시하여 4처리 5반복, 반복당 24수씩 20개의 floor pen(가로 2.0 m, 세로 2.4 m)에 완전 임의 배치하였다. 전기 및 후기사료에서 2수준의 단백질과 2수준의 에너지 함량으로 하는 $2{\times}2$ 요인시험으로 설계를 구성하였다. 육성전기에는 2,900 및 $2,800kcal\;AME_n/kg$ 및 단백질 함량 21% 및 20%로 구성하였으며, 육성후기에는 3,100 및 $3,000kcal\;AME_n/kg$ 및 단백질 함량 17% 및 16%로 구성하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 사료와 물은 자유 급이하였다. 육성 전기(0 to 21 d)에서 에너지 함량 $2,800kcal\;AME_n/kg$, 단백질 함량 21%에서 체중 및 증체량이 다른 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 가장 높았다. 대사에너지 및 단백질 함량에 따른 처리구간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 사료 섭취량은 $2,900kcal\;AME_n/kg$, 단백질 함량 21% 수준에서 다른 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로(P<0.05) 가장 낮았다. 사료내 에너지 수준에서도 $2,900kcal\;AME_n/kg$ 대비 $2,800kcal\;AME_n/kg$ 처리구에서 유의적으로(P<0.05) 높았지만, 단백질 수준에서는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 육성후기(22 to 56 d)에서는 체중, 증체량, 사료 섭취량 및 사료 요구율에서 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 도체특성, 영양소 이용율, 가슴육 색도 및 영양소 함량에서도 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 토종오리의 육성 전기 사료내 적정 에너지 및 단백질 수준은 $2,800kcal\;AME_n/kg$ 및 21%로 생각되며, 육성 후기 적정 수준은 추후 재 검증이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.374-384
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• 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11 and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between 79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers (44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%, 10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.1965-1974
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• 2020

Objective: This study consisted of two stages; the first was to determine the effect of extrusion and sieving treatments on the chemical properties of palm kernel cake (PKC), and accordingly, a follow-up experiment (second stage) was conducted to determine and compare the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and protein and amino acid digestibility of extruded and sieved PKC. Methods: Two physical treatments, namely extrusion (using temperature profiles of 90℃/100℃/100℃, 90℃/100℃/110℃, and 90℃/100℃/120℃) and sieving (to 8 particles sizes ranging from >8.00 to 0.15 mm) were carried out to determine their effects on chemical properties, primarily crude protein (CP) and fiber contents of PKC. Based on the results from the above study, PKC that extruded with temperature profile 90/100/110℃ and of sieved size between 1.5 to 0.15 mm (which made up of near 60% of total samples) were used to determine treatments effect on AME and CP and amino acid digestibility. The second stage experiment was conducted using 64 male Cobb 500 chickens randomly assigned to 16 cages (4 cages [or replicates] per treatment) to the following four dietary groups: i) basal (control) diet, ii) basal diet containing 20% untreated PKC, iii) basal diet containing 20% extruded PKC (EPKC), and iv) basal diet containing 20% sieved PKC (SPKC). Results: Extrusion and sieving had no effect on CP and ash contents of PKC, however, both treatments reduced (p<0.05) crude fiber by 21% and 19%, respectively. Overall, extrusion and sieving reduced content of most of the amino acids except for aspartate, glutamate, alanine and lysine which increased, while serine, cysteine and tryptophan remained unchanged. Extrusion resulted in 6% increase (p<0.05) in AME and enhanced CP digestibility (p<0.05) by 32%, as compared to the untreated PKC while sieving had no effect on AME but improved CP digestibility by 39% which was not significantly different from that by extrusion. Conclusion: Extrusion is more effective than sieving and serves as a practical method to enhance AME and digestibility of CP and several amino acids in broiler chickens.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 1990

본시험은 Canola 전지종실과 Canola 박 및 Canola 유의 유효에너지가(AM 및 TME)와 아미노산 이용을(TAAA)를 측정하기 위하여 실시하였다. 본시험에는 단관백색레그혼종(S.C.W.C.) 성계수탉이 실시되었으며, AME시험에서는 측정사료인Canola 전지증실, Canola 박 Canola 박＋유(60:40)을 30% 그리고 Canola 유를 10% 배합한 4종의 시험사료와 기초사료를 각각 자유채식시켰고 예비시험기간은 3일 채분기간은 4일이었다. TME와 TAAA시험에서는 Canola 전지종실과 Canola 박은 단-사료로, Canola 박＋유와 Canola 유는 각각 기초사료에 30%와 10%의 비율로 혼합하여 각각 1일 30g을 24시간의 절식기간 후에 강제투여(force feeding)하였고 48시간동안 전분을 채취하였다. 모든 에너지가는 질소정정 에너지가로 환산하였는데, Canola 전지종실, Canola 박, Canola 유 및 Canola ＋유의 AMEn가는 각각 4,485, 1,984. 8,275 및 5,655 kcal/kg이었고 TMEn가는 각각 4,577, 2,103, 8,487 및 5,630kcal/kg으로 측정되어 Canola 박＋유는 Canola 전지종실보다 높은 에너지가를 나타냈으며(P＜0.01), 전반적으로 Canola전지종실은 Canola 박보다 높은 TAAA가를 나타냈다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1450-1455
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary ${\beta}-mannanase$ on productive performance, egg quality, and utilization of dietary energy and nutrients in aged laying hens raised under hot climatic conditions. Methods: A total of 320 84-wk-old Hy-line Brown aged laying hens were allotted to one of four treatments with eight replicates in a completely randomized design. Two dietary treatments with high energy (HE; 2,800 kcal/kg nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy [$AME_n$]) and low energy (LE; 2,700 kcal/kg $AME_n$) were formulated. Two additional diets were prepared by adding 0.04% (MN4) or 0.08% ${\beta}-mannanase$ (MN8) to LE treatment diets. The feeding trial was conducted for 28 d, covering a period from July to August in South Korea. The average daily room temperature and relative humidity were $29.2^{\circ}C$ and 83%, respectively. Results: Productive performance, egg quality, and cloacal temperature were not influenced by dietary treatments. The measured $AME_n$ values for MN8 diets were similar to those for HE diets, which were greater (p<0.05) than those for LE and MN4 diets. However, the $AME_n$ values for MN8 diets did not differ from those for LE and MN4 diets. Conclusion: The addition of ${\beta}-mannanase$ to low energy diets increases energy values for diets fed to aged laying hens. However, this increase has little positive impacts on performance and egg quality. These results indicate that dietary ${\beta}-mannanase$ does not mitigate the heat stress of aged laying hens raised under hot climatic conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.1732-1741
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine physical and chemical properties of vermicelli waste (VW) and effect of VW inclusion levels on growth performance of broilers. In experiment 1, VW samples were randomly collected from vermicelli industry in Thailand to analyze nutritional composition. Vermicelli waste contained 9.96% moisture, 12.06% CP, 32.30% crude fiber (CF), and 0.57% ether extract (EE), as DM basis. The ratio of insoluble:soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) was 43.4:8.9. A total of 120 chicks (6 pens per treatment and 10 chicks per pen) were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet or 20% VW substituted diet to determine the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention ($AME_n$) of VW. The $AME_n$ of VW was $1,844.7{\pm}130.71$ kcal/kg. In experiment 2, a total of 1,200 chicks were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42-d growth assay. There were 300 chicks with 6 pens per treatment and 50 chicks per pen. The dietary treatments contained 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% VW, respectively. All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. From 0 to 18 d of age chicks fed VW diets had higher (p<0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with those fed the control diet. No difference was observed during grower and finisher phase (19 to 42 d). Chicks fed VW diets had lower relative weight of abdominal fat (p<0.001) but higher relative weight of gizzard (p<0.05) than those of chicks fed the control diet. Increasing VW inclusion levels increased ileal digesta viscosity (p<0.05) and intestinal villus height of chicks (p<0.001). For apparent total tract digestibility assay, there were 4 metabolic cages of 6 chicks that were fed experimental treatment diets (the same as in the growth assay) in a 10-d total excreta collection. Increasing VW inclusion levels linearly decreased (p<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of DM and CF.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1983

본 시험은 분채취시간 및 Corn Starch, Glucose Mixture (Starch (50) ＋ Glucose (50))의 급이가 성웅계의 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 실시한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1. Period II(24-28hr)의 분배설량, 에너지량과 N 손실량은 Period I(0-24hr)의 경우보다 높았으나 유의차 (P＝.05)는 없었다. 2. 체중(X)과 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량 (Y) 간에는 유의차 상관관계는 발견되지 않았는데 (P＞.05) 이는 체중이 내인성에너지 (FEm＋UEe) 손실에 영향하지 않는다는 사실을 뒷받침하는 것이었다. 3 Glucose, Mixture 급이구는 절식구에 비하여 분배설량, 에너지 및 N 손실량이 현저하게 감소하였다. (P＜.05). 4. Corn Starch 급이구의 분배지량, N 손실량은 절식구에 비해 유의적 (P＜.05)으로 감소했으나 내인성에너지 손실량은 두 구간 유의차가 없었다. (P＞.05) 이는 Corn Starch의 Apparent Digestibility가 Glucose, Mixture구 보다 낮았음을 지적하는 것이다. 5. 급이구의 N 손실량은 절식구에 비하여 현저히 감소한 사실은 탄수화물 급이가 절식동안 조직의 이화작용에 의한 에너지 손실의 일부를 보완하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.564-573
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• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. Methods: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. Results: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. Conclusion: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2019

A study was conducted to determine the influence of feed form and microbial enzyme supplementation on energy utilization, bone quality, and amino acid and mineral digestibility of broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty Ross 308, day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight diets formulated from commonly used ingredients in Tanzania. A 2 (pellet or mash) ${\times}$ 4 (control, Axtra XB, Quantum Blue (QB) and Axtra XB + QB enzyme) factorial array in a completely randomized design having six replicates per treatment (10 birds per replicate) was used. Birds were raised in climate-controlled rooms in a 3-phase; starter (0-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-35 days). Apparent metabolizable energy (AME), metabolizable energy intake, net energy of production, energy retained as protein (REp), and efficiency of metabolizable energy use for energy and protein retention were higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets. The AME and REp was higher (p < 0.05) with enzyme supplementation. Ash content, weight, length, width and breaking strength of tibia bones were highest (p < 0.05) in birds on pelleted diets. Tibia bone traits were improved (p < 0.05) when enzymes were included, particularly in a combination of QB and Axtra XB. However, potassium, magnesium, and zinc contents were highest (p < 0.05) when QB was supplemented. Digestibility of all amino acids was higher (p < 0.05) in birds supplied with pellets and with enzyme supplementation for most amino acids, except for serine. There was a positive interaction (p < 0.05) between feed form and enzymes on lysine and phenylalanine digestibility. Digestibility of Ca, P, K, S, Zn, and Fe was higher (p < 0.05) in birds fed pelleted diets, while those on mashed diets had higher (p < 0.05) digestibility of Cu and B. The digestibility of P, K, and Zn was highest (p < 0.001) when QB was added, while Ca, P, S, and B digestibility was highest when a combination of Axtra XB + QB was applied. Pelleted diets with or without enzymes improved energy utilization, digestibility of amino acids, and minerals, and increased bone strength in broiler chickens.