• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 1994

Background: Pressure support ventilation(PSV) is a new form of mechanical ventilatory support that assists spontaneous inspiraory effort of an intubated patient with a clinician-selected amount of positive airway pressure. Low level pressure support during inspiration can overcome the resistive component of inspiratory work imposed by an endotracheal tube. However the clinical efficacy of PSV as a weaning method has not been established yet. Object: The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy of PSV when it is added to intermittent mandatory ventilation(IMV) in facilitating weaning precess compaired to IMV mode alone. Method: When the subject patients became clinically stable with their arterial blood gas analysis in acceptable range, they underwent weaning process either by IMV alone or by IMV plus PSV. The level of pressure support was held constant throught the weaning period. For the patients who required mechanical ventilation for less than 72 hr, 2h weaning trial was performed with IMV rate starting from 6/min. For the patients who required mechanical ventilation more than 72 hr, 7 hr weaning trial was performed with IMV rate starting from 8/min. For the patients who failed three consecutive trials of weaning, retrial of weaning was attempted over 3 days with IMV rate starting from 8/min. Clinical characteristics, APACHE II score and nutritional status were compared. For all patients, heart rate, mean blood pressure and respiratory rate were mornitored for 48 hrs after weaning trial started. Results: The total number of weaning trial was 37 in 23 patients(18 by IMV, 19 by IMV+PSV). Total ventilation time, APACHE II score and nutritional status were not statistically different between the two groups. The weaning success rate were not statistically different(38.3% by IMV, 42.1% by IMV+PSV) and the changes of mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate during first 48 hours were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: Low level PSV when added to IMV for weaning trial does not seem to improve the success rate of weaning from mechanical ventilation. PSV at 10cm $H_2O$ did not induce significant physiologic changes during weaning process.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.292-300
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• 2008

Background: Respiratory failure is a common condition that requires intensive care, and has a high mortality rate despite the recent improvements in respiratory care. Previous reports of patients with respiratory failure focused on the specific disease or included a large proportion of surgical patients. This study evaluated the clinical characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors of adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a medical intensive care unit. Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed on 479 adult patients, who received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours in the medical ICU of one tertiary referral hospital. Results: The mean age of the patients was $60.3{\pm}15.6$ years and 34.0% were female. The initial mean APACHE III score was $72.3{\pm}25$. The cause of MV included acute respiratory failure (71.8%), acute exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease (20.9%), coma (5.6%), and neuromuscular disorders (1.7%). Pressure controlled ventilation was used as the initial ventilator mode in 67.8% of patients, and pressure support ventilation was used as the initial weaning mode in 83.6% of the patients. The overall mortality rate in the ICU and hospital was 49.3% and 55.4%, respectively. The main cause of death in hospital was septic shock (32.5%), respiratory failure (11.7%), and multiorgan failure (10.2%). Males, an APACHE III score >70, the cause of respiratory failure (interstitial lung disease, coma, aspiration, pneumonia, sepsis and hemoptysis), the total ventilation time, and length of stay in hospital were independently associated with mortality. Conclusion: The cause of respiratory failure, severity of the patients, and gender appears to be significantly associated with the outcome of mechanical ventilatory support in patients with respiratory failure.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2000

Background : The decision to institute mechanical ventilation for patients with COPD is very difficult. The accurate information regarding weaning success and long-term survival will improve communication with patients and family and enhance informed consent. The aims of this study are to describe outcomes and identify variables associated with survival for patients experiencing mechanical ventilation with an acute respiratory failure of COPD. Methods : The 53 cases of mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit in the National Medical Center from 1989 to 1998 were included. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Weaning success rate and 3 month and 1 year survival rates were estimated. Factors associated with weaning success and survival were determined. Results : Weaning sucess was 55%. For success group with 29 cases, 3 months survival rate was 61% and 1 year survival rate 37%. APACHE II scores in weaning success group were significantly lower than those in the failure group. Factors such as age, sex, comorbid-illnes. previous steroid use, causes of respiratory failure, RVH or arrhythmia on EKG, serum albumin level, arterial blood pH, $PaO_2$, $PaCO_2$, $FEV_1$ duration of mechanical ventilation and steroid use during mechanical ventilation were not associated with weaning success. Only age and serum albumin level were associated with 3 month and 1 year survival. No COPD patients of age more than 75 years and serum albumin level less than 3g/dl had survived at 1 year after weaning success. Conclusion : While weaning success from mechanical ventilation can be predicted by APACHE II score in COPD patients, long-term outcomes of survivors may be influenced by nutritional status and age.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2000

Background : It is well known that when macrophages are stimulated with endotoxin, they produce a wide variety of cytokine mediators, including TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$. However, there is an alteration in the macrophages' responsiveness when they are challenged with repeated bouts of endotoxin, termed "endotoxin tolerance" which is regarded as a self-protective phenomenon from continuous stimulation. In this study, endotoxin tolerance in the peripheral blood monocytes of sepsis patients was evaluated. Methods : Fourteen patients with organism-documented sepsis were included. The severity of illness was evaluated by APACHE II score. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from the patients and diluted to $1{\times}10^5$ well. After stimulation with endotoxin (LPS of E. coli O114 : B4, 100 ng/ml), they were incubated at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$ incubator for 24 hours. Supernatant was collected for the measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ with ELISA method. Peripheral blood monocytes of seven healthy volunteers were used as control. Results : The APACHE II score (mean$\pm$SD) of the patients at the time of blood sampling was 12.2$\pm$5.7. The primary infection foci were urinary tract infection, pneumonia, subacute bacterial endocarditis, and catheter related infection, etc. The causative organisms were gram negative rods (10 cases), gram positive cocci (6 cases) with two cases of mixed infection. Serum TNF-$\alpha$ could be measured in 4 cases with 29.9$\pm$27.7 pg/ml. Serum IL-1$\beta$was measurable in only one patient. The TNF-$\alpha$ level of supernatant of cultured peripheral blood monocytes was 2,703$\pm$2,066 pg/ml in patients and 2,102$\pm$1914 pg/ml in controls. The IL-1$\beta$level of supernatant was 884$\pm$1,050 pg/ml in patients and 575$\pm$558 pg/ml in controls. There was no difference of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ level between patients and controls. Conclusion : We cannot prove the phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance in this study. Future study needs to be focused on the more severe sepsis patients who were taken for sampling earlier. Addition of serum to the culture medium could be an another valuable option for the success of this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.808-810
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• 2005

본 논문은 공개소스 기반의 WAS 구성의 핵심인 Tomcat, JBoss, PostgreSQL, Apache 등을 한국형 공개SW 표준 플랫폼 BOOYO 상에 효과적으로 탑재하고 SPECjAppServer2004 벤치마크를 실시하여 외산 제품과 성능을 비교 한다. 벤치마크 결과 부하가 증가할수록 성능 측정단위인 JOPS가 기존의 공개SW플랫폼에 비하여 현저히 덜 하락하는 결과를 보이며 비교적 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 벤치마크를 실시하기 위하여 구축한 시험용 WAS의 구성 내용과 아울러 그 결과를 보다 상세히 기술한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2016.07a
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• pp.213-214
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 모바일환경을 활용하여 인터넷 접근이 어렵고 인터넷 사용이 불편한 사용자를 중심으로 개발한 일상생활에서의 냉장고 정리, 쾌척 등과 같이 냉장고 사용의 편리성을 위하여 안드로이드 5.1 버전의 스마트폰 Application으로 개발하였다. 이를 해결할 시스템을 구현하기 위해 GCM(Google Cloud Messaging) Server를 활용하였고, 서버에서 특정 시간이 도래되어 클라이언트로 메시지를 전송하면 사용자의 안드로이드 폰으로 푸시 메시지(Push Message)가 수신되는 방식으로 구현하였다. 안드로이드 환경을 기준으로 실행하기 위해 APACHE CORDOVA를 기반으로 CORDOVA PLUGIN에 있는 Camera 기능을 사용하였고 사용자 안드로이드에 있는 사진을 업로드하거나 즉석에서 사진을 촬영하여 앱에 올릴 수 있는 기능을 사용자 편의성을 고려하여 개선하였다. 사용자의 편리성, 가독성 등을 고려하여 개발함으로써 사용자는 활용성이 높은 사용자 인터페이스를 통해 냉장고를 정리하고 관리할 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2017

Recently, there has been growing interest in public participation GIS (Geographic Information System) technology that enables spontaneous public response to increasingly frequent flood and drought events. Accordingly, social and economic demands are increasing on portal services that are designed to help cope with natural hazards such as earthquakes. By focusing on a specific hazard, urban flood, this study designed a prototype of a disaster response portal and its service system. The community map developed in this study is focused on prevention and mitigation of the urban flood damage by analyzing the vulnerable areas, and providing effective means to inspect the roads and sewer systems. By considering the compatibility with VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) portals, the study created a system environment by employing universally used open-source software programs such as Apache Tomcat, GeoServer, GeoNetwork, and PostgreSQL/PostGIS.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2018

Recently Machine Learning algorithms are widely used to process Big Data in various applications and a lot of these applications are executed in run time. Therefore the speed of Machine Learning algorithms is a critical issue in these applications. However the most of modern iteration Machine Learning algorithms use a successive iteration technique well-known in Numerical Linear Algebra. But this technique has a very low convergence, needs a lot of iterations to get solution of considering problems and therefore a lot of time for processing even on modern multi-core computers and clusters. Tchebychev iteration technique is well-known in Numerical Linear Algebra as an attractive candidate to decrease the number of iterations in Machine Learning iteration algorithms and also to decrease the running time of these algorithms those is very important especially in run time applications. In this paper we consider the usage of Tchebychev iterations for acceleration of well-known K-Means and SVM (Support Vector Machine) clustering algorithms in Machine Leaning. Some examples of usage of our approach on modern multi-core computers under Apache Spark framework will be considered and discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.443-446
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• 2006

최근 무선 인터넷 환경이 보편화 되면서 플랫폼과 언어에 독립적인 통신 방법인 웹서비스 기술이 모바일 환경에서도 주목을 받고 있다. 그러나 모바일 웹서비스를 위한 새로운 기술이 소개되고 있지만 아직 모바일 환경에서의 웹서비스 사례는 별로 많지 않다. 본 논문에서는 유무선 통합 환경을 지원하기 위한 주소록 웹서비스 시스템의 설계와 구현을 소개한다. 주소록 웹서비스는 개인 주소록 정보를 가지고 웹서비스를 지원하는 PIMS 주소록 웹서버와 웹서비스를 이용하는 모바일 클라이언트 및 온라인 클라이언트 애플리케이션으로 구성된다. 유선과 무선의 클라이언트 어플리케이션은 다른 접근 기능을 가지도록 설계하여 모바일 웹서비스 클라이언트의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다. 주소록 웹서비스를 구현하기 위해 Apache의 웹서비스 프로젝트인 Axis와 Axis의 J2ME 구현체인 Axis MIRAE 플랫폼을 이용하였다. 특히 모바일 웹서비스 클라이언트는 단말의 제한된 메모리 용량의 문제를 해결하기 위해 자동 생성된 Stub 코드를 사용하지 않고 파서 API를 통해 SOAP 메시지를 직접 생성하고 접근하는 방법을 도입하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bioinformatics Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.47-50
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• 2005

SGS (Splicing Graph Server) is as web application based on the MVC architecture with a Java platform. The specifications of the implemented design pattern are closely associated with the specific requirements of splicing graphs for analyzing alternative splice variants from a single gene. The paper presents the use of MVC architecture using JavaBeans as a model, with a JSP viewer and the servlet as the controller for this bioinformatics web application, with the open source apache/tomcat application server and a MySql database management system.