• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 1991

This study investigated the relations between the photosynthetic rate and the activities of antioxidatile enzymes, glutathione reductase, ascorbate free radical reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate oxidase, in the leaves of Panax ginseng. Under the normal cultivation condition, Panax in showed lower g1utathione reductase and ascorbate free radical reductase activities the Glycine max. But P ginseng showed higher 91utathione Peroxidase, ascorbate Peroxidase, and ascorbate oxidase activities than C. Panax. Therefore, P. ginseng showed weak activities of reductases for the reduction of the oxidized antioxidants. Under the light intensity of 25 KLux, the reductases showed a decrease of over 75% after 24 hours. But the peroyoxidases decreased about 40%. These results showed that the decrease of reductases acitivities was consistent with the decrease of photosynthetic rate. Therefore, we consider that the regulation of antioxidative enzymes or the application of exogenous antioxidants will be effective means for the protection of photodamage in p. ginseng.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effect of taurine on the liver mitochondrial enzyme system with reference to mitochondrial lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidants, major tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, and electron transport chain enzymes during 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Animals in which breast cancer had been induced by using DMBA (25 mg/kg body weight) showed an increase in mitochondrial LPO together with decreases in enzymic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E), in citric acid cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)), and in electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. Results: Taurine (100 mg/kg body weight) treatment decreased liver mitochondrial LPO and augmented the activities/levels of enzymic, and non-enzymic antioxidants, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and ETC complexes. Conclusion: The results of our present study demonstrated the chemotherapeutic efficacy of taurine treatment for DMBA-induced breast carcinomas.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 1994

We studied the folilar wiping effects of antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione and sodium azide), which effectively inhibited the chlorophyll bleaching or completely recorved the early stage of photosynthesis of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, on photosynthesis, stomatal resistance, free sugar, starch, and total saponin contents of ginseng under the excess light intensity (45 kLux) during 6 days. Ascorbate and glutathione, endogenous antioxidant, recovered photosynehtsis and stomatal resistance, and reduced the photoinhibition by the excess light intensity (45 kLux) on free sugar, starch and total saponin contents. But sodium azide, exogenous $^{1}O_2$ quencher, showed negative effect. Therefore, we assumed that carbohydrates and saponin metabolisms of ginseng by antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione) were normal. For the reduction of inhibition by excess light in ginseng a program for the higher activation of antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in ginseng leaf will be desirable. Key words Antioxidants, ascorbate, glutathione, Photoinhibition, ginseng.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.951-957
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• 2013

Our aim was to investigate the chemopreventive potential of saffron in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Assessment was by monitoring the percentage of tumor bearing hamsters, tumor size as well as the status of detoxification agents, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants. Oral squamous cell carcinomas were induced in the buccal pouch of Syrian golden hamsters by painting them with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week for 14 weeks. We observed 100% oral tumor formation with severe histopathological abnormalities in all the hamsters treated with DMBA alone, activities of phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants being significantly altered. Though oral administration of saffron completely prevented the formation of tumors, we noticed severe hyperplasia and dysplasia in hamsters treated with DMBA, suggesting that tumors might eventually develop. Oral administration of saffron return detoxification enzymes, lipid peroxidation and antioxidants to normal ranges. The chemopreventive potential of saffron thus is likely due to antioxidant properties and modulating effects on detoxification in favour of the excretion of carcinogenic metabolites during DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.183.2-184
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• 2000

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.103-118
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• 2008

Antioxidants are compounds that protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some ROS, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are normally produced in cells as by-products of biochemical reactions or as signaling molecules. When ROS-generating reactions are activated excessively, pathological quantities of ROS are released to create an imbalance between antioxidants and ROS, called as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress, which may result in cellular damage, has been linked to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and other degenerative conditions. In humans the first line of antioxidant defence are the antioxidant enzymes, especially SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and to a lesser extent catalase, as well as the tripeptide glutathione(GSH). These enzymes will help destroy ROS(reactive oxygen species) such as hydroxyl radical, $H_2O_2$ and lipid peroxides, while GSH protects against oxidized protein. Many herbal medicines possess antioxidant properties. Herbal antioxidants may protect against these diseases by contributing to the total antioxidant defense system of the human body. Here, many herbal medicines including Ginseng, Licorice, Ligusticum Chuanxiong, Ginkgo biloba and many others was reviewed in terms of anti-oxidant efficiency related to their components.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.145-146
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• 1997

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5701-5708
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• 2012

The aim of the study was to investigate the chemopreventive potential of andrographolide in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumors developed in the buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters at a 100% incidence on painting with 0.5% DMBA in liquid paraffin three times a week for 14 weeks. Marked abnormalities in the status of detoxification enzymes, lipid perxodiation and antioxidants were noticed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration of andrographolide at a dose of 50 mg/kg bw to hamsters treated with DMBA not only completely prevented the tumor formation but also restored the status of the above mentioned biomarkers. The present study thus demonstrates the chemopreventive potential of andrographolide in DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis, which is probably due to its antioxidant potential as well as modulating effect on xenobiotic metabolising enzymes during DMBA-induced oral carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.633-638
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• 1998

To determine whether the enhanced UV-B causes oxidative stress, and to test the relationship between plant growth response and biochemical defense response to UV-B, two soybean plants, Keunolkong, a highly UV-B susceptible cultivar, and Danyeubkong, a less UV-B susceptible cultivar, were subjected to the enhanced UV-B [daily dose : 0.06 (control) and 11.32 (enhanced UV-B) kJ $m^{-2}$ ; $UV-B_{BE}$] for 3 weeks. Contents of malondialdehyde and total carotenold were increased in Keunolkong compared with Danyeubkong by UV-B. In control plants, ascorbate level of Danyeubkong was 3 times higher than that of Keunolkong. The ratio of dehydroascorbate/ascorbate was highly increased in Keunolkong by UV-B . The activities of antioxidative enzyme such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione reductase were increased in both cultivars by UV-B. This results indicate that enhanced UV-B caused oxidative stress in both two cultivars, especially in Keunolkong. Susceptibility of two soybean cultivars to UV-B is closely related to the levels of antioxidants such as carotenoid and ascorbate.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.83-94
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• 2021

The global obesity epidemic and the growing elderly population largely contribute to the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance acts as a critical link between the present obesity pandemic and type 2 diabetes. Naturally occurring reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate intracellular signaling and are kept in balance by the antioxidant system. However, the imbalance between ROS production and antioxidant capacity causes ROS accumulation and induces oxidative stress. Oxidative stress interrupts insulin-mediated intracellular signaling pathways, as supported by studies involving genetic modification of antioxidant enzymes in experimental rodents. In addition, a close association between oxidative stress and insulin resistance has been reported in numerous human studies. However, the controversial results with the use of antioxidants in type 2 diabetes raise the question of whether oxidative stress plays a critical role in insulin resistance. In this review article, we discuss the relevance of oxidative stress to insulin resistance based on genetically modified animal models and human trials.