• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2022

This study was undertaken to examine the quality characteristics of nonblanched carrots (CON) and carrots blanched in distilled water, 2% NaCl water and 2% citric acid at 100℃ for 3 minutes. This moisture contents of CON was the highest at 85.91%, whereas NT had the lowest moisture at 83.92% (p<0.01). Compared to CON values the L values of pretreatment groups were decreased whereas the b values were increased (p<0.001) A comparison of true retention (TR), revealed that NT had the highest TPC TR 101.04% and TFC TR 91.59% (p<0.001). β-Carotene contents were determined to be higher in NT (1.98 mg/100 g) and CT (1.94 mg/100 g) than in other groups, with highest levels obtained in NT (106.64%) (p<0.001). Examination of the DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities revealed that the NT group had maximum scavenging activity. The total bacterial count was determined to be 3.37 log CFU/g in the CON, whereas no microorganisms were observed in all the pretreatment groups. Our study indicates that blanching in 2% NaCl water is the most desirable in order to increase the biochemical content and nutrient preservation rate of carrots, and to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.159-173
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• 2022

Genus of Rhododendron has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times and is known to be effective in immune function, inflammation, and cold symptoms. And the reason for this activity is the flavanonol type among flavonoids in the genus of Rhododendron. Among the flavanonol types, Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside was isolated from the root of native R. mucronulatum in Korea, and the structure was finally identified through HPLC, LC-MS/MS, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside is a compound mainly found in R. mucronulatum, a representative species of the genus of Rhododendron, and exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atopic activities. In this study, Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside was chemotaxonomic significant in 5 species of the genus Rhododendron native to Korea (R. mucronulatum, R. mucronulatum var. ciliatum, R. schlippenbachii, R. yedoense var. Poukhanense, R. japonicum for. Flavum). Compared with the existing literature, Taxifolin-3-O-arabinopyranoside was identified for the first time in 4 species of Rhododendron except for the R. mucronulatum.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.21-31
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• 2021

Yeast strains are capable of hydrolyzing non-digestible saccharides, such as melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose, found in soy meal components. This study revealed the biochemical properties of fermented soybean meal during 72 hours with kefir. Starchyose and raffinose, non-digestible components, were almost digested in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL and galactose was produced. Proteolysis of the soybean meal produced most of the small molecule peptides in kefir 150 mL + soybean meal 500 g + water 70 mL. The production of the vitamin B group and C were the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The yeast number of the fermented soybean meal was 7.0 × 10⁶ CFU·mL^-1 which was the highest in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The lactic acid bacteria of the fermented soybean meal was the highest at 3.5 × 10⁹ CFU·mL^-1 in kefir 70 mL + soybean meal 500 g. The antioxidant effect was the highest at 57% in kefir 250 mL + soybean meal 500 g. Expression of inflammation-related cytokine (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and interleukin [IL]-6) was significantly inhibited in fermented soybean meals with different treatments. These results suggest that fermented soybean meal by kefir has an antiinflammatory and anti-oxidation activity and could be utilized in feed manufacturing, and inhydrolyzing non-digestible soy meal components.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

Objective : Gardeniae Fructus (GF) has bitter and cold nature. Thus, it has been traditionally prescribed in processed form roasted with ginger juice for patients with a weak stomach. This study investigated the effects of processed GF in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-treated gastric epithelial cells. Methods : Processed GF was made by applying 40% ginger juice or 10% ethanol for 24 h and then roasting at 150℃ for 5 minutes. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was monitored by flow cytometry using the membrane permeable fluorescent dye Rh123. Protein expression was measured by Western blot analysis. Results : Cell viability was reduced by tBHP and restored by ethanol extract of GF (GFE). In the TUNEL assay, it was found that cell death by tBHP was due to apoptosis, and GFE had an anti-apoptotic effect. Processed GF roasted with ginger juice showed the best anti-apoptotic effect. Processed GF also inhibited MMP loss and restored tBHP-induced changes in expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins. Increased ROS production and GSH depletion after tBHP treatment were significantly reduced by processed GF. In addition, tBHP-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was inhibited by processed GF. Conclusion : These results demonstrate that the processed GF is able to protect gastric epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death with antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity. In addition, it shows that the processing of GF, which have been traditionally used for gastrointestinal protection, partially have scientific validity.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2023

Objective: The conservation of Bali bulls, the Indonesian native breed of cattle, is crucial for cattle breeding in Indonesia. To guarantee the spread of Bali bulls through artificial insemination the quality of the frozen semen must be high. To this end, adding an extender material to semen that increases spermatozoa's survival during cryopreservation is important. Green tea extract (GTE) can be used as cryoprotectant because its high antioxidant activity can help avoid reactive oxygen species formation. Methods: Semen of five Bali bulls from the National Artificial Insemination Center at Singosari, Indonesia was collected routinely twice a week. First, fresh semen inspection was performed to determine the feasibility of using Bali bulls as animal samples. The extender used in this study was Tris-based egg yolk. The samples were divided into four treatments: T0, no GTE added to the extender; T1, 0.05 mg GTE plus 100 mL extender; T2, 0.10 mg GTE plus 100 mL extender; and T3, 0.15 mg GTE plus 100 mL extender. The semen freezing process was conducted according to standard procedures and sperm quality parameters, i.e., sperm motility, viability, abnormalities, and membrane integrity observed pre-freezing and post-thawing. Results: There were significant differences in total motility, progressive motility, viability, and integrity membrane of Bali bull sperm at both pre-freezing and post-thawing after adding GTE into the extender. In contrast, there were no differences in abnormalities among treatments. Conclusion: Adding GTE at a 0.15 mg into 100 mL Tris-based egg yolk extender can improve the quality of cryopreserved Bali bull sperm.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.79-85
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was aimed at producing emulsion by using butanol fractions of Sanguisorbae radix(SRA-B) which have high antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions, and then evaluating stabilities of the emulsion. Methods : We measured antioxidant efficacy of SRA-B by using DPPH assay. Also, we checked the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by using the Western blot to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of SRA-B3. We prepared emulsion containing SRA-B3(E-SRA-B3) and analysed its particle size distribution under a microscope. Also, we performed the test for stability of the emulsion. Results : SRA-B3 showed the highest efficacy in electronic donating abilities' activity. The Western blot's results indicated that the protein expression's amount of iNOS and COX-2 in macrophage stimulated by LPS were reduced by SRA-B3 treatment. The average particle size of E-SRA-B3 was $5{\sim}6{\mu}m$ in diameter and was $6.7{\mu}m$ in a view of the particle distribution. For a period of a observation, E-SRA-B3 has not made particular changes with storage temperature. It was observed that E-SRA-B3 could preserve its stable condition without a particular difference of viscosity during 28 days. Conclusions : From the above results, it was confirmed that SRA-B3 has potentiality enough to be applied to industrialization and could be utilized as antioxidative natural materials and anti-inflammatory cosmetics.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this research was to determine the diverse effects of Lithospermi Radix Water Extract (LR) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells, and to examine whether those effects could be applied to the human skin. Methods : We examined effect of LR on the cell viability of using the MTS assay in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The antioxidation effect of LR was analyzed relative to the well-known antioxidant resveratrol, using an ABTS assay. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that, in HaCaT cells, LR influenced the mRNA expression of tight-junction genes associated with skin moisturization. Furthermore, a wound-healing assay demonstrated altered cell migration in LR-treated HaCaT cells. Result : The cytotoxicity was confirmed to be higher in LR at a concentration of $800{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ using the MTS assay in HaCaT cells. In comparison to $100{\mu}M$ resveratrol, $1,600{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ LR showed either a similar or superior antioxidation effect. LR treatment in HaCaT cells reduced the mRNA expression levels of claudin 3, claudin 4, claudin 6, claudin 8, and ZO-2 to less than 0.80-fold, whereas JAM-A and Tricellulin mRNA expression level increased more than 1.33-fold. In addition, HaCaT cells migration was decreased to 83.9% by LR treatment. Conclusions : LR of antioxidation activity will have an anti-aging effect on the skin by reducing oxidative stress. Further studies are required to address the implications for human skin, given LR's effects of altering mRNA expression of tight junction-related gene and decreasing cell migration of HaCaT cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Objectives : The present study was conducted to examine whether Toosendan Fructus has an ameliorative effect on diabetes-induced alterations such as oxidative stress and inflammation in the pancreas of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of human type I diabetes. Methods : Extracts of Toosendan Fructus (ETF) were administered to NOD mice at three doses (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg). Mice at 18 weeks of age were measured glucose tolerance using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. After 28 weeks of ETF treatment, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and proinflammatory cytokines in serum, western blot analyses and a histopathological examination in pancreas tissue, and on the onset of diabetes were investigated. Results : The results showed that levels of glucose, glucose tolerance, TC, TG, interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin (IL)-1 ${\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-12 in serum were down-regulated, while IL-4, IL-10, SOD, and catalase significantly increased. In addition, ETF improved protein expression of proinflammatory mediaters (such as cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase) and a proapoptotic protein (caspase-3) in the pancreatic tissue. Also, in the groups treated with ETF (100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg), insulitis and infiltration of granulocytes were alleviated. Conclusions : Based on these results, the anti-diabetic effect of ETF may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect. Our findings support the therapeutic evidence for Toosendan Fructus ameliorating the development of diabetic pancreatic damage via regulating inflammation and apoptosis. Our future studies will be focused on the search for active compounds in these extracts.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.393-407
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• 2022

The effect of Neobacillus sp. JC05 extract on the defense response in cucumber plants against root-knot nematode (RKN) was evaluated. As a result of drench treatment of JC05-extract in cucumber plants, formation of egg mass per plants and disease severity were significantly decreased compared to untreated control plants; the malondialdehyde contents also decreased in JC05-extract treated plants. When eggs of Meloidogyne incognita were inoculated, cucumber plants treated with JC05-extract elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression such as chitinase and lipoxygenase, these are well known as inducing resistance in plants, in addition, peroxidase among antioxidant enzymes was significantly activated. Moreover, the JC05-extract enhanced FDAse activity in soils grown cucumber plants inoculated by eggs of M. incognita. Taken together, these results suggest that the JC05-extract could involve in activation of defense-related mechanisms of cucumber plants and result in decrease of disease occurrence caused by M. incognita.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.104-114
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• 2022

Background: Abnormalities of myelin, which increases the efficiency of action potential conduction, are found in neurological disorders. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) demonstrates therapeutic efficacy against some of these conditions, however effects on oligodendrocyte (OL)s are not well known. Here, we examined the effects of KRG-derived components on development and protection of OL-lineage cells. Methods: Primary OL precursor cell (OPC) cultures were prepared from neonatal mouse cortex. The protective efficacies of the KRG components were examined against inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. For in vivo function of Rb1 on myelination, after 10 days of oral gavage into adult male mice, forebrains were collected. OPC proliferation were assessed by BrdU incorporation, and differentiation and myelination were examined by qPCR, western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results: The non-saponin promoted OPC proliferation, while the saponin promoted differentiation. Both processes were mediated by AKT and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. KRG extract, the saponin and non-saponin protected OPCs against oxidative stress, and both KRG extract and the saponin significantly increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme. Among 11 major ginsenosides tested, Rb1 significantly increased OL membrane size in vitro. Moreover, Rb1 significantly increased myelin formation in adult mouse brain. Conclusion: All KRG components prevented OPC deaths under oxidative stress. While non-saponin promoted proliferation, saponin fraction increased differentiation and OL membrane size. Furthermore, among all the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 showed the biggest increase in the membrane size and significantly enhanced myelination in vivo. These results imply therapeutic potentials of KRG and Rb1 for myelin-related disorders.