• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.457-474
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• 2003

The ultimate objective of periodontal treatment is to get rid of an on-going periodontal disease and further regenerate the supporting tissue, which is already destroyed, functionally. Currently, the bone grafting operation using various kinds of bone grafting materials and the operation for induced regeneration of periodontal tissue using the blocking membrane are performed for regeneration of the destroyed periodontal tissue. However, there are respective limitations Galenical preparations, which are used for regeneration of periodontal of tissue, has less risk of rejective reaction or toxicity that may be incidental to degradation and their effect is sustainable. Thus, in case they are applicable to a clinic, they can he used economically. Chitosan has such compatibility, biological actions including antibacterial activity, acceleration of wound treatment, etc., and excellent mechanical characteristics, which has recently aroused more interest in it. Also, it has been reported that it promotes osteogenesis directly or indirectly by functioning as a matrix to promote migration and differentiation of a specific precussor cell (for example, osteoblast) and further inhibiting the function of such a cell as fibroblast to prevent osteogenesis. In this study, the pure chitosan solution, which was obtained by purifying chitosan, was used. However, since this chitosan is of a liquiform, it is difficult to sustain it in a defective region. It is, therefore, essential to use a carrier for delivering chitosan to, and sustaining it gradually in the defective region. In the calvarial defect model of the Sprague-Dawley rat, it is relatively easy to maintain a space. Therefore, in this study, the chitosan solution with which ACS was wetted was grafted onto the defective region, For an experimental model, a calvarial defect of rat m s selected, and a critical size of the defective region was a circular defect with a diameter of 8 mm. A group in which no treatment was conducted for the calvarial defect was set as a negative control group. Another group in which treatment was conducted with ACS only was set as a positive control group (ACS group). And another group in which treatment was conducted was conducted with by grafting the pure chitosan solution onto the defective region through ACS which was wetted with the chitosan solution was set an experimental group (Chitosan/ACS group). Chitosan was applied to the Sprague-Dawley rat's calvarial bone by applying ACS which was wetted with the chitosan solution, and each Sprague-Dawley rat was sacrificed respectively 2 weeks and 8 weeks after the operation for such application. Then, the treatment results were compared and observed histologically and his tometrically. Thereby, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In the experimental group, a pattern was shown that from 2 weeks after the operation, vascular proliferation proceeded and osteogenesis proceeded through osteoblast infiltration, and at 8 week after the operation, ACS was almost absorbed, the amount of osteogensis was increased and many osteoid tissue layers were observed. 2. At 2 weeks after the operation, each amount of osteogenesis appeared to be 8.70.8 %, 13.62.3 % and 4.80.7 % respectively in the experimental group, the positive control group and the negative control group. Accordingly, it appeared to be higher in the Experimental group and the positive control group than in the negative control group, but there was no significant difference statistically (p<0.01). 3. At 8 weeks after the operation, each amount of osteogenesis appeared to be 62.26.1%, 17.42.5 % and 8.21.4 % respectively in the experimental group, the positive control group and the negative control group. Accordingly, it appeared to be substantially higher in the experimental group than in the positive control group and the negative control group, and there was a significant difference statistically (p<0.01). As a result of conducting the experiment, when ACS was used as a carrier for chitosan, chitosan showed effective osteogenesis in the perforated defective region of the Sprague-Dawley rat's calvarial bone.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.167-177
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• 2007

This study was carried out to develop natural vinegared kochujang. We first formulated vinegared kochujang containing pine needle (PN) and Artemisia princeps (AP) extracts. A dominant strain was isolated from the vinegared kochujang and identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ER282 based on the 16S rDNA sequence. The plant extracts of PN and AP were also investigated for their antibacterial activity and showed enough good activities to use for vinegared kochujang as a natural preservative. Quality characteristics of vinegared kochujang were evaluated, based on total cell numbers, pH, acidity, sugar content, color and sensory evaluation during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$, respectively, for 3 weeks. No significant differences were found in the pHs and acidities of vinegared kochujang added with the plant extracts of PN and AP during their storage compared to starting time; however, total cell numbers were gradually decreased during the storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$, as the storage period was increased. For sensory evaluation, overall preference continuously declined depending on storage period, but the addition of 3% extracts of PN could delay the quality loss of vinegared kochujang during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.168-178
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• 2010

Objective : The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobical effect of horseradish root extracts against Enterococcus faecalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from oral cavity compared with reference strain, and compared with that of chlorhexidine. Method : Horseradish root extracts and chlorhexidine were sequentially diluted and tested against anaerobes(E. faecalis, F. nucleatum) isolated from children's oral cavity. The microbes were anaerobically incubated and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC) were detected. Results :1. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis isolated strain at same or slightly higher concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 2. $625.0\sim1,250.0{\mu}g/ml$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine($7.8\sim15.6{\mu}g/ml$). 3. Horseradish root extracts showed antimicrobial effect against F. nucleatum isolated strain at same or slightly higher concentration compared with MIC of reference strain. 4. $78.1\sim312.5{\mu}g/ml$ horseradish root extracts showed similar antimicrobial effect with chlorhexidine($7.8\sim15.6{\mu}g/ml$). Conclusions : The results of this study confirm that horseradish root extracts has antimicrobial effect against anaerobes isolated from oral cavity as well as reference strain. And we found the potential of horseradish root extracts as a canal irrigant or disinfectant.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.295-301
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• 1995

Background: The serious problems in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis are a significant proportion of drug resistance. Preferably retreatment should contain the drugs which has never used before, so drug retreatment is limited in selection. A new antibacterial substance, ofloxacin(OFX) is the activity against mycobacterium tuberculosis and it has been used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The present report concerns the result of retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients containing OFX treated at National Kongju Tuberculosis Hospital. Method: A retrospective study was made through the regular follow up of 92 smear positive cases, who were treated by four drugs regimen between Mar 1991 and June 1994 at National Kongju Tuberculosis Hospital. Four drugs were, namely prothionamide, cycloserine, ofloxacin and streptomycin(kanamycin or tuberactinomycin). The duration of follow up was over one year. Results: 1) Out of 92 cases with positive sputum AFB smear, 67(73%) achieved the negative conversion. 2) Considering the negative sputum conversion in all the groups, the vast majority(85%) of sputum conversion occurred within the first 4 months. 3) The roentgenological improvement occurred in 49 percent on the whole and when the extent of disease was minimal, moderately, far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, sputum AFB smear negative response to retreatment was 100%, 93%, 68%, respectively. 4) When the duration of patient's illness was less than 1 year, 1 to 3 years, 3 to 5 years and more than 5 years, sputum AFB smear negative response to retreatment was 87%, 76%, 65% and 55%, respectively. 5) Adverse reaction to prothionamide, with complaints of gastrointestinal troubles was common and hepatic dysfunction without jaundice was observed in 7 percent, convulsion in 1 percent, that to cycloserine occurred renal dysfunction & psycosis & convulsion, 2%, 1%, 1%, respectively. Tinnitus with KM occurred in 1% and dirrhea with OFX in 4%. Conclusion: The duration of patient's illness was shorter, sputum AFB smear negative response rate was better. Radiologic responses were not remarkable, but extent of disease by national tuberculosis association was smaller, the result of retreatment was better. Adverse reaction of the secondary antituberculosis agent was mainly observed gastrointestinal troubles, as regard to tolerance to the secondary drugs the role of the physician is of very important value and toxic effects can be overcome by the strong confidence.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.537-548
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of 9 kinds of medicinal plants against crown gall in grapevine. The medicinal plants extracted with several solvent systems were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity by the disc diffusion method. The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from magic lily flowers, tachys roots, asian plantain flowers and seeds, sweet wormwood leaves, stems and flowers, immature bitter melon fruits, cockscomb flowers, and peach tree resin showed in vitro antimicrobial activities against Rhizobium vitis with growth inhibition zones ranging from 10 to 27 mm in diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration values of extracts against R.vitis ranged from 10,000 in Asian plantain flower and 50,000 fold diluted extracts in sweet wormwood flowers, stems, leaves, cockscomb leaves and immature bitter melon fruits. The active fractions of ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts from the medicinal plants were partially separated through silica gel column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The active fractions were separated at Rf 0.36, 0.69, 0.75, 0.84, and 0.94 in sweet wormwood extracts, Rf 0.96 and 0.99 in cockscomb flower extracts, Rf 0.92 and 0.97 in cockscomb leaf extracts, and Rf 0.85 in immature bitter melon fruit extracts in TLC analysis developed with hexane:ethyl acetate (20:80, v/v) and methanol:chloroform (20:80, v/v). Among extracts from plants with in vitro antimicrobial activities, sweet wormwood, cockscomb leaves, and immature bitter melon fruits showed in vivo antimicrobial activities with inhibition activity of 100, 67, and 83.3%, respectively, in 'Kyoho' grapevine inoculated with R. vitis compared with the untreated control. These findings indicate that extracts of medicinal plants could be used as sustainable candidates to control crown gall disease caused by R. vitis in grapevines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1353-1360
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• 2011

This study was performed to investigate the antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens and antioxidant activity of Rhododendron brachycarpum ethanol-extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined using a paper disc-diffusion method, and the diameter of the clear zone was measured. The diameter of the clear zone in the presence of 10 mg of extract was maximal against Bacillus cereus among the three tested Gram-positive bacteria and against Escherichia coli O157:H7 among the five tested Gram-negative bacteria. Analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that the extract exhibited a similar efficacy as that of sorbic acid, a well-known chemical preservative. The growth inhibitory effects of the extract at concentrations of 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L on food-borne pathogens were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Growth of the microorganisms was not affected by the extract at concentrations up to 250 mg/L, but it was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited by the extract at concentrations higher than 1,000 mg/L. The antioxidant effects of the extract were examined via measurement of DPPH radical scavenging activity, inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using fluorescent dichlorofluorescien (DCF) assay, and prevention of peroxyl radical- and hydroxyl radical-induced supercoiled DNA breakage. The $IC_{50}$ of the extract for DPPH radical scavenging activity was about half that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, which was used as a positive control. DCF fluorescence intensity decreased as the concentration of the extract increased, demonstrating that ROS generation was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner. The ROS inhibitory effect of the extract was higher than that of ascorbic acid. The extract prevented supercoiled DNA strand breakage induced by peroxyl radical and hydroxyl radical. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that the extract exhibits antimicrobial effects against food-borne pathogens as well as potent antioxidant capacity, suggesting that R. brachycarpum could be used as a natural antibacterial agent and effective antioxidant in food.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.439-448
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• 1999

To investigate the population dynamics and survival of Genus Vibrio, population densities of aerobic saprophytic bacteria and Vibrio groups were measured 4 times in the intertidal waters of the Yellow Sea near Kunsan from November, 1997 to June, 1998. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria during the survey periods by plate count and direct count method ranged from 1.2$\pm$0.6$\times$10$^3$~2.0$\pm$1.5$\times$10$^4$CFU ml­$^1$and from 6.0$\pm$4.0$\times$10$^{5}$ ~1.9$\pm$1.5$\times$10$^{7}$ cells ml­$^1$, respectively. Vibrio groups were distributed in the range of 1$\times$10 and 6$\pm$2.2$\times$10$^2$CFU ml­$^1$. The proportion of Vibrio groups to total heterotrophic bacteria was between 0.1 and 6% during the survey periods. A total of 51 isolates was obtained from TCBS agar plates and identified to species level by Biolog Identification System$^{TM}$. As a result, dominant genera were V, mediterranei, V aitguillarum, tr metschnikovii, and V. parahaemolyticus, and isolates were clustered into 26 groups based on the relatedness of average linkage clustering method at 70% level. As for the susceptibility of 51 isolates to 7 kinds of antibacterial agents (gentamicin, ampicillin, chlorarnphenicol, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, carbenicillin), 96% of isolates showed high resistance to more than one antibiotics and 65% of isolates contained a plasmid, of which size was observed greater than 12 kb, The number of cells of 3 tested strains (V. anguillarum, V. vulnificus, and V. metschnikovii) in filtered aged seawater decreased by approximately 1 to 5 orders of magnitude during 30-d incubation. In most cases, the numbers of cells decreased rapidly until day 3, then decreased slowly by day 30. The number of cells incubated at 15$^{\circ}C$ showed higher survival than those at 4$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. These results may be considered for the basic supporting data in the risk assessment of vibriosis in summer.r.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

Objectives: This was a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study for evaluation of safety and effective dose finding of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ in patients with chest pain and discomfort. Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ are composed of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (丹蔘), Notoginseng Radix (三七根) and Borneolum (龍腦). Major effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Notoginseng Radix are vasodilatation, sedation and analgesic action. Borneolum has an antibacterial effect, and can stimulate the central nervous system. All of these substances are oriental herbs that have been used for a long time in east Asia. Cardiotonic Pills fi received Investigational New Drug (IND) approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA and 40 million people in the world take this pill. We performed a phase IV clinical study to confirm its efficacy and safety in patients who have probable cardiogenic or psychogenic chest pain or chest stifling. Methods: This study was planned for a multi-center clinical trial including four university hospitals of oriental medicine in Korea. This was the first time to evaluate the 'planning treatment according to diagnosis (辨證施治)' of chest pain or chest discomfort according to oriental medical guidelines. The patients who were included in this trial were adult volunteers from 20 to 70 years old who had chest pain or chest discomfort more than twice during a recent month, and we received written consent to participate in this study from all of them. After administration of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ for 8 weeks, number of occurrences, duration, appearance and degree of chest pain or chest discomfort was observed and degree of symptoms (severity of illness, global improvement) were measured using a patient's global assessment composite scale. Results: In the patient's global assessment scale, the severity of illness of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group (n=25) was 14/25=0.56 but of the placebo group (n=25) was 7/25=0.28 (p-value=0.0449). This result indicates Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$have a positive effect on the symptoms of chest pain and discomfort. However, the global improvement of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$group was 23/25=0.92, and of the placebo group was 22/25=0.88 (p-value=0.6374). The total symptom score of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $1.68\pm20.06$, and of the placebo group was $16.76\pm72.l4$(p-value=0.2285). The number of symptom events of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $72\pm29.78$, and of the placebo group (n=25) was $10.80\pm38.42$ (p­value=0.3660). We could not find any effects on the other factors examined besides the severity of illness, beyond the difference of standard deviations. Conclusions: Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ significantly reduced chest pain and chest discomfort in patients. Therefore, we expect that Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ will be helpful for patients with chest pain and chest discomfort not only caused by heart disease but also by other diseases.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2014

The separation of the bacteria inhibiting Trichoderma sp. mold, the strain causing blue mold disease that occurs frequently when cultivating mushroom while carrying out the efficient fermentation of mushroom medium, from the growth was done. In about 200 strains isolated primarily from fungus garden samples, 6 strains were secondly isolated, which had fast growth rates and a clear zone on the plate medium of SM, AM, and CM. Among the 6 strains isolated, the C-1 strain showed high enzymatic activity of cellulase, amylase, and protease, and strong antibacterial activity for the T. virens and T. harzianum, selected finally. The selected C-1 strain was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxaby the result of the identification by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA, and named as P. polymyxa CK-1. In reviewing the growth conditions of the P. polymyxa CK-1 strain, the optimum cultivation temperature was $45^{\circ}C$, and the optimum pH for growth was in the range of 6.0~7.0. Appropriate incubation time of P. polymyxa CK-1 for the growth inhibition of the fungus T. virens and T. harzianum was 22 to 36 hours. And the fungal growth was not observed, even when leaving two molds inoculated on each petri dishes, which were treated with 24 hour culture solution of P. polymyxa CK-1 strain for 10 days. As a result of studying the thermal stability of the antagonists produced by the P. polymyxa CK-1 strain, no mycelial growth of the two fungi was observed in the test group treated for 20 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$, but mycelial growth was slightly observed in the test group treated for 20 minutes at $121^{\circ}C$. As aresult of reviewing the impact of the P. polymyxa CK-1 culture medium on mushroom mycelial growth, it showed no effect on a variety of mushroom mycelial growth including enoki mushroom and shiitake mushroom.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2011

Purpose : Acinetobacter baumannii is an aerobic, gram negative coccobacillus. Due to its pathogenicity and ability to accumulate diverse mechanisms of resistance, the importance of this organism is increasing. Many reports have targeted adults, and studies of pediatric patients are limited. This study aims to investigate the current status of A. baumannii infection in children. Methods : From January 2001 to December 2008, 505 patients hospitalized with A. baumannii infection were enrolled. Admission records for underlying disease, duration of hospitalization, previous antibiotic use, location of admission, presence of ventilator care, and resistance to antibiotics were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results : Hemato-oncological disease and neurological disease were 30.6% and 24.3% of all cases; therefore, these were the most common underlying diseases of patients with A. baumannii infection. Prevalence of A. baumannii infection was 78.1% in patients with previous antibiotic use, which was higher than that of the group not using previous antibiotic. And prevalence of multi-drug resistant and pan-drug resistant A. baumannii infection was 76.4% and 38.3% in patients with ICU care, 76.8% and 38.9% with ventilator care, and these were higher than the others. Rate of resistance to all groups of antibiotics showed a gradual increase to over 50% in 2008. Multi-drug resistant A. baumannii was 63.5% and pan-drug resistant A. baumannii was 48.2% of all cases. Conclusion : Prevalence of A. baumannii infection and resistance to antibacterial agents of A. baumannii is increasing. Adequate use of antibiotics and infection control should be emphasized in pediatric patients.