• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.504-515
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• 2021

To examine the relationship between environmental factors influencing the habitat of Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz., this study employed the MexEnt model to evaluate 21 environmental factors. Fourteen environmental factors having an AUC of at least 0.6 were found to be the age of stand, growing stock, altitude, topography, topographic wetness index, solar radiation, soil texture, mean temperature in January, mean temperature in April, mean annual temperature, mean rainfall in January, mean rainfall in August, and mean annual rainfall. Based on the response curves of the 14 descriptive factors, Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. on the Baekun Mountain were deemed more suitable for sites at an altitude of 600 m or lower, and habitats were not significantly affected by the inclination angle. The preferred conditions were high stand density, sites close to valleys, and distribution in the northwestern direction. Under the five-age class system, the species were more likely to be observed for lower classes. The preferred solar radiation in this study was 1.2 MJ/m². The species were less likely to be observed when the topographic wetness index fell below the reference value of 4.5, and were more likely observed above 7.5 (reference of threshold). Soil analysis showed that Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. was more likely to thrive in sandy loam than clay. Suitable conditions were a mean January temperature of - 4.4℃ to -2.5℃, mean April temperature of 8.8℃-10.0℃, and mean annual temperature of 9.6℃-11.0℃. Aconitum austrokoreense Koidz. was first observed in sites with a mean annual rainfall of 1,670- 1,720 mm, and a mean August rainfall of at least 350 mm. Therefore, sites with increasing rainfall of up to 390 mm were preferred. The area of potential habitats having distributive significance of 75% or higher was 202 ha, or 1.8% of the area covered in this study.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.20
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• pp.339-367
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• 2010

Despite that it is relatively difficult to compare the movements in eastern and western dancing, this study approached hand-foot coordination movements, which involve lifting both an arm and a leg to stand on one foot, from a figurative point of view. In ballet, arabesque, developpe, and attitude were recognized as the example hand-foot coordination movements, and in Korean Dance, Oesawi, Gyeopsawi, and Meongseokmari of Mask Dance were classified into the hand-foot coordination movements. The figurative characteristics of these dances were approached from the aspects of racial traits, philosophies of dancing, and forms of movements. The following summarizes the findings about hand-foot coordination movements of this study. First, in relation to human physiology, eastern and western races have different traits. The forms of dancing have developed differently according to the builds and figures of dancers. Ballet is an elegant form of dancing using long legs and arms and its arabesque, developpe, and attitude movements emphasize stretching the body for an elegant and beautiful presentation. On the other hand, Korea was an agricultural society and lived closer to the land. As its people developed petite figures, its dancing movements, especially the hand-foot coordination movements, involved 'twisting' and 'walking down and up.' Second, despite that the hand-foot coordination movements are identical for east and west, ballet aims at the heaven and Korean Dance aims at the land according to the differences in the views of nature. Although the principle of hand-foot coordination movements is about aiming at the land, western philosophies and aesthetics pursue the heaven. Third, in ballet, the focus of beauty is the presentation of beautiful movements. Therefore, the hand-foot coordination movements precisely control the position and angle of arms and legs for the perfect balance of the body. On the other hand, the hand-foot coordination movements of Korean Dance are mostly rooted from natural daily movements and movements that enhance the efficiency of labor. Therefore, it is considered beautiful techniques even if the body looks rather unbalanced.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.102-115
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• 2014

The stamped earth method is a typical ancient engineering technique which consists of in-filling wooden frame with layers of stamped earth or sand. This method has been universally used to construct earthen walls and buildings, etc. The purpose of this article is to understand the construction method and principles of the stamped earthen wall through analysis of various construction techniques of Pungnaptoseong Fortress(Earthen Fortification in Pungnap-dong). First of all, the ground was leveled and the foundations for the construction of the earthen wall were laid. The underground foundation of the earthen walls was usually constructed by digging into the ground and then in-filling this space with layers of mud clay. Occasionally wooden posts or paving stones which may have been used to reinforce the soft ground were driven in. The method of adding layers of stamped earth at an oblique angle to either side of a central wall is the most characteristic feature of Pungnaptoseong Fortress. Even though the traces of fixing posts, boards, and the hardening of earth - all signatures of the stamped earth technique - have not been identified, evidence of a wooden frame has been found. It has also been observed that this section was constructed by including layers of mud clay and organic remains such as leaves and twigs in order to strengthen the adhesiveness of the structures. The outer part of the central wall was constructed by the anti-slope stamped earth technique to protect central wall. In addition a final layer of paved stones was added to the upper part of the wall. These stone layers and the stone wall were constructed in order to prevent the loss of the earthen wall and to discharge and drain water. Meanwhile, the technique of cementing with fire was used to control damp and remove water in stamped earth. It can not be said at present that the stamped earth method has been confirmed as the typical construction method of Korean ancient earthen walls. If we make a comparative study of the evidence of the stamped earth technique at Pungnaptoseong Fortress with other archeological sites, progress will be made in the investigation of the construction method and principles of stamped earthen wall.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.52-77
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• 2016

A spirit tablet of king Guan Yu is enshrined in Donggwanwangmyo shrine[East Shrine of King Guan Yu], which houses 51 hanging boards. The hanging boards were written by the kings of Joseon Dynasty and envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Most studies on hanging boards have been focused on the collections of the palaces but not on those in Donggwanwangmyo shrine. In this regard, this study researches the hanging boards of the kings' writings in the late Joseon period and analyzes their forms and contents. In terms of contents, it examines who made the boards, when they made them, and what brought them to make them, etc. This study analyzes the forms of hanging boards by types, used materials, and periodic transition of forms. The findings are as follows. First, Donggwanwangmyo shrine houses 7 pieces of hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwriting: one piece of King Sukjong, 4 pieces of King Yeongjo, and 2 pieces of Emperor Gojong. They are divided into two types: one is the name of the buildings and the other is the poems that the kings wrote regarding what they felt when they visited the shrine. Especially, the latter were written by the kings who visited the shrine in spring and autumn. The kings intended to promote peace of royal family through a sense of royalty and fidelity of King Guan Yu. Second, the hanging boards of the kings are differentiated from those of the envoys and generals of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in materials and forms. The background of the board is colored by blue, deep red lacquer color, and black lacquer color, which are more expensive than black color or white color. The hanging boards are embossed with the kings' handwritings and then colored with gold. The frame-style four-side hanging board is held at a 45-degree angle and painted with floral patterns and seven-treasure patterns in Dancheong technique. The left and right sides and the top and bottom sides of the board are decorated with Dang-cho pattern(Korean arabesque pattern). This style is called "quadrilateral"and considered the most classy and top-class among the other three ones. In conclusion, this study confirms the status of Donggwanwangmyo shrine with hanging boards inscribed with kings' handwritings as a political space where kings had interest and demanded their soldiers' royalty and fidelity. Research into the boards inscribed with the handwritings of envoys of the Ming Dynasty and generals of the Qing Dynasty, and the comparison of the styles and periodic transition of forms will be reserved for another study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.895-908
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• 2018

As modern science is developed and advanced, examination and number of times using radiation are increasing daily. General diagnostic X-ray generator is installed on stationary form, But X-ray generator was developed because patient who is in the intensive care unit, operation room, emergency room can not move to general x-ray room. What we examine patient by x-ray generator is certainly necessary, So patient exposure is inevitable. but reducing radiation exposure is highly important matter about radiation technology, guardian, patient in the same hospital room, nurse etc. For this reason, rule regarding safety control of diagnostic x-ray generator revised for radiation worker, patient and protector proclaim that mobile diagnostic x-ray shield must placed in case of examine different location excluding operation room, emergency room, intensive care unit. But, radiogical technologist is having a lot of difficulties to examine with mobile x-ray generator, diagnostic x-ray shield partition, image plate and lead apron. So, when we use x-ray generator, we manufacture shield tools can be attached to the mobile x-ray generator On behalf of x-ray shield partition and conduct analysis and in comparison to part of body and distribution of dose rate and find way to reduce radiation exposure through distribution of dose rate of patient within the radiogical technologist, medical team. Mobile x-ray generator aimed at SHIMADZU inc. R-20, We manufactured equipment for shielding x-ray scattered x-ray by installing shielding wall from side to side based on support beam on the mobile x-ray generator. Shielding wall when moving can be folded and designed to expand when examine. Experiment measured five times in each by an angle for dose rate of eyes, thyroid, breast, abdomen and gonad on exposure condition of upper and lower extremity, chest, abdomen which is examined many times by mobile x-ray generator. We used dosimeter RSM-100 made by IJRAD and measured a horizontal dose rate by body part. The result of an experiment, shielding decreasing rate of the front and the rear showed 77 ~ 98.7%. Therefore using self-production shielding wall reduce scattered x-ray occurrence rate and confirm can decrease exposure dose consequently. Therefore, through this study, reduction result which is used shielding wall of self-production will be a role of shielding optimization and it could be answer about reduction of medical exposure recommended by ICRP 103.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.498-504
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes, and the complications of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) using a fixed bearing prosthesis after 5-year follow-up. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six knees (25 patients) that underwent fixed bearing UKA between May 2003 and August 2011 were included. The subjects were 3 males (3 knees) and 22 females (23 knees), and the average age was 63.5 years. The preoperative diagnosis was osteoarthritis (23 knees) and osteonecrosis (3 knees). The mean follow-up duration was 67 months (from 60 to 149 months). The clinical evaluation included pre- and postoperative American knee society knee and function score, and range of motion. The radiology evaluation included standing antero-posterior, lateral view, and fluoroscopic film to analyze the postoperative alignment and osteolysis. Results: The mean American Knee Society knee score and function score were improved from 42.0 and 57.5 to 87.9 and 85.0, respectively (p<0.001). The mean preoperative and postoperative range of motion was $132.9^{\circ}$ and $132.5^{\circ}$, respectively. The mean femorotibial angle were varus $0.5^{\circ}$ preoperatively and valgus $2.2^{\circ}$ postoperatively. A radiolucent line was observed in 2 knees; one knee had a stable implant, while in the other knee, patellofemoral arthritis was identified during UKA. Diffuse pain of the knee joint with tenderness of the medial joint line was identified at the follow-up, so conversion to total knee arthroplasty was recommended. No other complications, such as osteolysis, infections, postoperative stiffness, and dislocation, were encountered. Conclusion: The midterm results of fixed bearing UKA were clinically and radiologically satisfactory.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.490-497
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• 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the utility of ceramic-on-polyethylene articular bearing surface when cementless total hip arthroplasty is performed in patients older than 65 years through an analysis of the minimum five-year follow-up results using the ceramic femoral head and cross-linked polyethylene liner. Materials and Methods: From March 2010 to September 2012, 51 patients (56 hips) who were older than 65 years were enrolled in this retrospective study. The mean age at surgery was $70.9{\pm}5.1years$ old. A clinical assessment was analyzed using the Harris hip score. For the radiographic assessment, the cup inclination and anteversion, stem alignment, and wear amount were measured. The postoperative complications were also determined. Results: The mean Harris hip score was improved from preoperative 48 points to postoperative 87 points (p<0.05). The mean cup inclination was $40.9^{\circ}{\pm}6.4^{\circ}$ and the mean cup anteversion was $20.3^{\circ}{\pm}8.1^{\circ}$. The mean cup anteversion of the elevated liner-used group (16 cases) was $14.3^{\circ}{\pm}7.9^{\circ}$ and the mean cup anteversion of the neutral liner used group (40 cases) was $22.4^{\circ}{\pm}9.1^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). The mean stem alignment angle was $0^{\circ}$ (range, varus $4^{\circ}$-valgus $4^{\circ}$). The mean linear wear amount was $0.458{\pm}0.041mm$ and the average annual linear wear rate was $0.079{\pm}0.032mm/yr$. Six cases (10.7%) of intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures were encountered. Conclusion: Based on these results, the use of a ceramic-on-polyethylene articular bearing surface in elderly patients with cementless total hip arthroplasty is beneficial. On the other hand, careful effort is needed to prevent intraoperative periprosthetic femoral fractures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.86-111
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• 2011

Wan is a tableware in which boiled rice or soup, side dish are put, and it is a representative model which shows the development of personal tableware. From the establishing period of Hanseong Baekje, the form of wan which is Jung-do Style(中島式) Plain Pottery of previous period Proto-Three Kingdoms Period was succeeded to, but wan is produced and used as a wan baked in the kiln, which is far development of the producing technique including hardness and clay. By and large, the size of $0.3{\sim}0.4{\ell}$ was the majority and the production technique of wan which used carefully selected soft quality clay are largely confirmed to be two methods which are, first, basic method by which on a clay tablet on the rotating table, clay band is accumulated and moulding is finished, and second, the new method which had the same basic moulding as that of basic method but in the last stage takes wan off the rotating table and reverse it to trim the bottom and remove the angle of flat bottom. The former, basic production method is the classical production method since wan of Jung-do Style Plain Pottery and wan was produced and used for all periods of Hanseong Baekje. On the other hand, the latter is the production method obtained through form imitation of China made porcelain flowed into through interchange between Baekje and China, and through comparison with Chinese chronogram material it is estimated to have been produced and used after middle of 4th century. Therefore it can be known that the Baekje people's demand for China made articles was big and imitation pottery was produced and used with Baekje pottery. In addition, bowl with outward mouth are confirmed in multiple number in Lakrang(樂浪) pottery wan and it is assumed that wan was the form produced under the influence.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2018

The two main requirements of wearable optical fiber fabrics are that they must presuppose a high degree of flexibility and they must maintain the luminance effect in both flat and bent conformations. Therefore, woven optical fiber fabrics that satisfy the above conditions were developed by both weaving and by using computer embroidery. First, we measured the brightness of the wearable optical fiber fabric in the flat state at a total of 10 measurement points at intervals of 1 cm. Second, the wearable optical fiber fabric was placed horizontally on the forearm, where three-dimensional bending occurs, and the luminance values were recorded at the same 10 measurement points. For the woven fabric in the flat state, the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation luminance values were $5.23cd/m^2$, $2.74cd/m^2$, $3.56cd/m^2$, and $1.11cd/m^2$, respectively. The corresponding luminance values from the bent forearm were $7.92cd/m^2$ (maximum), $2.37cd/m^2$ (minimum), $4.42cd/m^2$ (average), and $2.16cd/m^2$ (standard deviation). In the case of the computer-embroidered fabric, the maximum, minimum, average, and standard deviation luminance values in the flat state were $7.56cd/m^2$, $3.84cd/m^2$, $5.13cd/m^2$, and $1.04cd/m^2$, respectively, and in the bent forearm state were $9.6cd/m^2$, $3.63cd/m^2$, $6.13cd/m^2$, and $2.26cd/m^2$, respectively. Therefore, the computer-embroidered fabric exhibited a higher luminous effect than the woven fabric because the detailed structure reduced light-loss due to the backside fabric. In both types of wearable optical fiber fabric the luminance at the forearm was 124% and 119%, respectively, and the light emitting effect of the optical fiber fabric was maintained even when bent by the human body. This is consistent with the principle of Huygens, which defines the wave theory of light, and also the Huygens-Fresnel-Kirchhoff principle, which states that the intensity of light increases according to the magnitude of the angle of propagation of the light wavefront (${\theta}$).

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.85-97
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• 2019

It can be observed that steep slopes ($65^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$) consist of rock masses were kept stable for a long time. In rock-mass slopes with similar ground condition, steeper slopes than 1 : 0.5 ($63^{\circ}$) may be applied if the discontinuities of rock-mass slope are distributed in a direction favorable to the stability of the slope. In making a decision the angle of the slope, if the preliminary rock mass conditions applicable to steep slope are quantitatively setup, they may be used as guidance in design practice. In this study, the above rock mass was defined as a good continuum rock mass and the quantitative setup criterion range was proposed using RMR, SMR and GSI classifications for the purpose of providing engineering standard for good continuum rock mass conditions. The methods of study are as follows. The stable slope at steep slopes ($65^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$) for each rock type was selected as the study area, and RMR, SMR and GSI were classified to reflect the face mapping results. The results were reviewed by applying the calculated shear strength to the stable analysis of the current state of rock mass slope using the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. It is intended to verify the validity of the preliminary criterion as a rock mass condition that remains stable on a steep slope. Based on the analysis and review by the above research method, it was analyzed that a good continuum rock mass slope can be set to Basic RMR ${\geq}50$ (45 in sedimentary rock), GSI and SMR ${\geq}45$. The safety factor of the LEM is between Fs = 14.08 and 67.50 (average 32.9), and the displacement of the FEM is 0.13 to 0.64 mm (average 0.27 mm). This can be seen as a result of quantitative representation and verification of the stability of a good continuum rock mass slope that has been maintained stable for a long period of time with steep slopes ($65^{\circ}$ to $80^{\circ}$). The setup guideline for a good continuum rock mass slope will be able to establish a more detailed setup standard when the data are accumulated, and it is also a further study project. If stable even on steep slopes of 1 : 0.1 to 0.3, the upper limit of steep slopes is 1 : 0.3 with reference to the overseas design standards and report, thus giving the benefit of ensuring economic and eco-friendlyness. Also, the development of excavation technology and plantation technology and various eco-friendly slope design techniques will help overcome psychological anxiety and rapid weathering and relaxation due to steep slope construction.