• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1997

Background : An important issue in health care today is in trying to center service around the hospitalized patient. There is a "Kindness Movement" developing now, where in the focus of Health Care is being changed from simply treating the basic physical needs of the patient with sophisticated technology, to keeping emotional well being healthy with more humane and attentive treatment. In our attempt to reach the goal of a completely satisfied patient, we undertook a study of the common complaints of patients, and the subsequent nature of the interventions. Method : The study was carried out in two stages, first the patients made known their complaints by filling out questionnaires, then we collected data on the attempts to alleviate the complaints. The questionnaire provided 19 different complaints, which were then analysed for such variables as content, source of complaint, persons treating the complaint, and length of time and method used to solve the complaint. Results : 1. The Chief complaints made by patients(99.1%) were of physical discomfort, such as pain, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea and constipation. 2. The complaints were voiced primarily by either of the patient's family, or by the patients themselves(78.4). 3. The complaints were intervened by nurses alone(53.5%), physicians alone(25.5%), or by nurses and physicians together(19.25%). 4, The method by which the complaints were resolved included the utilization of prescriptions(55.7%), further explanation and education(25. 5%) and notification after treatment(13.2%). 5. Most complaints were voiced during the dayshift(42.6%, 7:00-15:00), followed by the evening shift(36.0% 15:00~22:00), and then the nightshift(21.3 %, 22:00-07:00). 6. The time required for successful resolution of the patient's problems varied from 10~88.9min, according to the nature of the complaint. Conclusion : Hopefully by knowing beforehand the nature of both complaint and intervention, we can anticipate problems and shorten reaction time, in order to provide for a more satisfied patient.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2016

Background Disputes regarding medical malpractice occur between practitioners and patients. As patients have become increasingly aware regarding medical care, an increase in the unexpected side effects of procedures has been observed, thereby leading to an increase in disputes regarding medical malpractice. In this study, we reviewed trends in precedents involving cosmetic surgery-related medical disputes, with the goal of helping to prevent unnecessary disputes in the future. Methods We conducted a search of the judgments made in South Korean courts between 2000 and 2013 that were related to the field of plastic surgery. A total of 54 judgments were analyzed, and the selected precedents were reviewed and classified according to the kind of negligence involved. Results The claim amounts ranged from under 8 million KRW (6,991 USD) to 750 million KRW (629,995 USD). The most common ratio of the judgment amount to the claim amount was 20%-30%. The judgments were classified according to the following categories: violation of the duty of explanation in 17 cases (29%), violation of the duty of care in 10 cases (17%), violation of both duties in 20 cases (35%), and no violation of duty in six cases (10%). Conclusions Cosmetic surgery-related suits require different approaches than general malpractice suits. The Supreme Court requires plastic surgeons to determine the type, timing, methods, and scope of their treatments when considering possible results. Therefore, practitioners should be educated on their rights and responsibilities to enable them to cope with any possible medical dispute that may arise.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.10
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• pp.45-70
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to obtain more insight into the explanation and prognosis of consumer behavior in real and virtual museums. The analysis focuses on the influence of the museum environment on the museum patrons (rather than on the influence of the art objects). On the basis of the emotional approach to environmental psychology by Mehrabian and Russell (1974), a behavior model has been developed for museums. The model, which is based on the emotional variables pleasure, arousal and dominance (PAD), is also enhanced by cognitive variabies (learning attractiveness, education standard and information demand). The enhancement of the classical model was necessary because cognitive variables play a major role in cultural institutions such as museums: One important objective of museums is the communication of cultural knowledge to visitors. The model is tested empirically using structural equation modeling. 301 visitors were interviewed individually. Two different museum environments were represented using visual stimuli. The theoretical model for museums can be proved empirically. The degree to which the model fits the empirical data was extensively tested. The model showed high compatibility with the data and could be accepted. The study proves that a model can be developed, which explains visitor behavior in museums. The model shows museum designers how museums should be designed to be both emotionally appealing and a learning environment. Based on empirical studies in virtual stores on the Internet, it is discussed whether the research findings in these environments may be applied to virtual museum environments. In order to create an emotionally appealing virtual museum, it is recommended that one uses a 3-dimensional representation to offer various possibilities for interaction and to create a multi-sensual environment that appears highly realistic.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-336
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to investigate 6th-graders' use of cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies in usual learning and testing situations, and to compare the difference in the use of the strategies by students' science achievement, learning motivation, and gender. The relationship among these strategies, science achievement, and learning motivation were also examined, and the portion of variance of explanation for achievement score was studied by a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that high-achieving students used more cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies in usual learning and more cognitive strategies in testing situations than low-achieving students. Highly motivated students used more cognitive and metacognitive strategies than poorly motivated students in all situations. Elementary female students used more learning strategies than male students in usual learning. On the other hand, no gender differences was found to be significant in the use of strategies in testing situations. These learning strategies were significantly correlated with the science achievement and motivation scores. The cognitive strategies in usual learning accounted for the significant portion of the variance of the achievement score. Educational implications are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.733-741
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was a descriptive survey research to identify the impact of bowel function, anxiety and depression on quality of life in patients with rectal cancer who had a sphincter-preserving resection. Methods: Participants were 100 patients who had rectal cancer surgery at W hospital in Korea. Bowel function, anxiety & depression, and quality of life were measured using the BFI (Bowel Function Instrument), HADS (Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale) and the FACT-C (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal). Results: The mean scores were $39.81{\pm}5.16$ for bowel function, $6.15{\pm}3.25$ for anxiety, $7.24{\pm}3.13$ for depression, and $72.50{\pm}13.27$ for quality of life. There were significant negative correlations between quality of life and anxiety (r= -.59, p <.001) and between quality of life and depression (r= -.53, p <.001). But the correlation between quality of life and bowel function was significantly positive (r=.22, p =.025). The influence of the independent variables on the total quality of life was examined using multiple regression analysis. Anxiety (${\beta}$= -.38, p =.002), bowel function (${\beta}$= -.25, p =.028) and occupation (${\beta}$=.16, p =.048) were identified as factors affecting quality of life. The explanation power of this regression model was 44% and it was statistically significant (F=16.53, p <.001). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that in order to improve the bowel function of patients after sphincter-preserving resection for rectal cancer, effective nursing interventions should be developed. As psychological problem such as anxiety and depression can relate to quality of life for these patients, nurses should work on improving the situation by providing continuous emotional nursing.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.116-125
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• 1995

This study is to consider hypotheses with integral view on the respect of creative thinking. Subjects of this study are Korean students in the 5th grade who participated in the Field Trip Contest of the second Korean Youth Science Festival, an openended inquiry investigation. Objectives of this study are as follows: 1) to measure the inquiry level of the Field Trip Contest activity 2) to find how many hypotheses were made on different types in the inquiry investigation 3) to measure the quality level of hypotheses made in the scientific inquiry investigation 4) to find out the correlation between the 1st and 2nd hypotheses and the final activity score in the two staged scientific investigation In the consequence of it, inquiry level of the Field Trip Contest was very high with good activity topics and openended way of investigation. Hypotheses were made in the prediction, plan, and conclusion parts in the field trip activity report. They used hypothesis-as-prediction typed statements(3.41/team) more than hypothesis-as-explanation(1.28/team) and descriptive hypothesis(0.03/team) types. Content-related hypothesis(5.03/team) and process-related hypothesis(6.16/team) were usually coupled each other. Most of them had difficulties in hypothesis-from-evidence(0.31/team, 10/32 teams) in the comparison of hypothesis-from-simple conjecture(10.62/team). The quality level of content-related hypotheses(0.74point/statement) and process-related hypotheses(1.98point/statement) were very low by the hypothesis-quality scale(Quinn and George, 1975) for the content-related hypotheses and the process-related hypothesis quality scale developed in this study. There was considerable correlation between the activity score and the 1st and 2nd hypothesis in the 2 staged inquiry investigations with the 2nd and 3rd topics($0.41{\ast}$, $0.59{\ast}{\ast}$ repectively).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.451-456
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• 2016

Background Comprehensive aesthetic surgery training continues to be a challenge for residency programs. Our residency program developed a rhinoplasty-based objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) based upon validated methods as part of the residency education curriculum. We report our experience with the rhinoplasty-based OSCE and offer guidance to its incorporation within residency programs. Methods The encounter involved resident evaluation and operative planning for a standardized patient desiring a rhinoplasty procedure. Validated OSCE methods currently used at our medical school were implemented. Residents were evaluated on appropriate history taking, physical examination, and explanation to the patient of treatment options. Examination results were evaluated using analysis of variance (statistical significance P<0.05). Results Twelve residents completed the rhinoplasty OSCE. Medical knowledge assessment showed increasing performance with clinical year, 50% versus 84% for postgraduate year 3 and 6, respectively (P<0.005). Systems-based practice scores showed that all residents incorrectly submitted forms for billing and operative scheduling. All residents confirmed that the OSCE realistically represents an actual patient encounter. All faculty confirmed the utility of evaluating resident performance during the OSCE as a useful assessment tool for determining the Next Accreditation System Milestone level. Conclusions Aesthetic surgery training for residents will require innovative methods for education. Our examination showed a program-educational weakness in billing/coding, an area that will be improved upon by topic-specific lectures. A thoroughly developed OSCE can provide a realistic educational opportunity to improve residents' performance on the nonoperative aspects of rhinoplasty and should be considered as an adjunct to resident education.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.413-421
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• 2001

An impaired smooth muscle cell (SMC) relaxation of coronary artery by alteration of $K^+$ channels would be the most potential explanation for reduced coronary reserve in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), however, this possibility has not been investigated. We performed morphometrical analysis of the coronary artery under electron microscopy and measured $Ca^{2+}-activated\;K\;(K_{Ca})$ currents and delayed rectifier K $(K_{dr})$ currents by whole-cell and inside-out patch-clamp technique in single coronary arterial SMCs from rabbits subjected to isoprenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Coronary arterial SMCs underwent significant changes in ultrastructure. The unitary current amplitude and the open-state probability of $K_{Ca}$ channel were significantly reduced in hypertrophy without open-time and closed-time kinetic. The concentration-response curve of $K_{Ca}$ channel to $Ca^{2+}$ is shifted to the right in hypertrophy. The reduction in the mean single channel current and increase in the open channel noise of $K_{Ca}$ channel by TEA were more sensitive in hypertrophy. $K_{dr}$ current density is significantly reduced in hypertrophy without activation and inactivation kinetics. The sensitivity of $K_{dr}$ current on 4-AP is significantly increased in hypertrophy. This is the first study to report evidence for alterations of $K_{Ca}$ channels and $K_{dr}$ channels in coronary SMCs with LVH. The findings may provide some insight into mechanism of the reduced coronary reserve in LVH.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2021

In this study, most of the previous researches on the analysis of apology are limited to comparative study of apology in different countries from the perspective of cross-cultural communication and analysis of apology in daily life. Therefore, by introducing pragmatics on apology strategy and cultural interpretation theories, this study tried to analyze apology and apology strategies in the seventh season of American TV series Desperate Housewives. Specifically speaking, based on Trosborg's classification of apology strategies, this study sorted out, classified and counted apology strategies in the seventh season of Desperate Housewives, and then 200 apology strategies were randomly selected and analyzed in detail. The statistical results showed that 'expression of apology' strategy was used at the highest frequency of 64.0%, followed by 'explanation or account' and 'minimizing the degree of offence'; 'Acknowledgement of responsibility', 'offer of repair' strategy, 'expressing concern for hearer' and 'promise of forbearance' were used relatively less frequently. The results can be interpreted by America's high individualism, low power distance and low-context culture having great influence on the frequency of American apology strategy. This study can increase understanding of apology and culture, reduce offence in communication with Americans, and make cross-cultural communication smooth, and meanwhile it is expected to enrich the research scope of TV drama art by analyzing language in TV drama art.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.19-39
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• 2012

Many students who attend university are worried about their future employment and academic achievement. Self-leadership is the ability to deal wisely with employment matters and to recognize the employment strategies of students who display self-leadership qualities. For this purpose, 320 questionnaires were distributed to students attending universities in Seoul. The 304 collected questionnaires were used as data for the final analysis. First, the university students' average self-leadership rate was 3.73, and their average employment rate was 3.24. In terms of self-leadership by subordinate domains, the most common strategy was to introduce "natural compensation activities", and the least common strategy was to focus on "inner compensation". For the employment strategy, "academic credit" was the best managed, and "active behavior" was the least well managed. Second, in terms of the differences in self-leadership due to social demographic variables, the self-leadership levels showed significant differences, according to their credits in general. Furthermore, they showed significant differences depending on gender and the leadership experience among the subordinate variables. Moreover, the university students' employment strategies showed significant differences according to gender, leadership experience and leadership education. Third, in terms of the difference between self-leadership and employment strategies due to psychological variables, self-efficacy and university-life satisfaction levels made significant differences in terms of self-leadership. Fourth, the group with high self-leadership levels also had highly developed employment strategies, compared to the group with low self-leadership levels. Fifth, after analyzing the social demographic variables, the psychological variables and the influence of self-leadership, it appears that the explanation level increased at each step. This study demonstrates that experiencing many opportunities that promote self-leadership during university causes students to worry about their future careers and prohibits them from developing into independent, responsible adults who can accomplish their goals.