• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2019

In order to improve the current efficiency and reduce the energy consumption in the electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate, electrolytic properties of a perfluorosulfonic cation exchange membrane named PGN membrane and the $Al_2O_3$ ceramic membrane in the electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate were studied and compared in a pilot electrolytic cell using a welded platinum titanium as the anode and a Pb-Sb alloy as the cathode. The effect of cell voltage, electrolyte flow rate and electrolysis time of the electrolytes on the current efficiency and the energy consumption were studied. The results indicated that the PGN membrane could improve current efficiency to 95.12% and reduce energy consumption to $1110kWh\;t^{-1}$ (energy consumption per ton of the ammonium persulfate generated) under the optimal operating conditions and the highest current efficiency of the $Al_2O_3$ ceramic membrane was 72.61% with its lowest energy consumption of $1779kWh\;t^{-1}$. Among 5 times of the electrolysis of the electrolytes, the lowest current efficiency of the PGN membrane was 85.25% with the highest energy consumption of $1244kWh\;t^{-1}$ while the lowest current efficiency of the $Al_2O_3$ ceramic membrane was 67.44% with the highest energy consumption of $1915kWh\;t^{-1}$, which suggested the PGN membrane could be used in the 5-stage electrolytic cell for the industrially continuous electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate. Therefore the PGN membrane can be efficient to improve the current efficiency and reduce the energy consumption and can be applied in the industrial electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.119-120
• /
• 2006

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2018

In order to improve current efficiency and decrease energy consumption in the electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate, electrolytic properties of four cation exchange membranes, namely, the $JCM-II^{(R)}$ membrane, $Nafion^{(R)}$ 324 membrane CMI-$7000^{(R)}$ membrane and a self-made perfluorosulfonic ion exchange membrane (PGN membrane) were investigated using a sintered platinized titanium anode and a Pb-Sb-Sn alloy cathode in a self-made electrolytic cell. The effect of cell voltage and electrolyte flow rate on the current efficiency and the energy consumption were investigated. The results indicated that the PGN membrane could improve current efficiency to 94.85% and decrease energy consumption to $1119kWh\;t^{-1}$ (energy consumption per ton of the ammonium persulfate generated) under the optimal operating conditions and the highest current efficiency of the $JCM-II^{(R)}$ membrane, $Nafion^{(R)}$ 324 membrane and CMI-$7000^{(R)}$ membrane were 80.73%, 77.76% and 73.22% with their lowest energy consumption of $1323kWh\;t^{-1}$, $1539kWh\;t^{-1}$ and $2256kWh\;t^{-1}$, respectively. The PGN membrane has the advantages of high current efficiency and energy power consumption and has sufficient mechanical strength with the reinforced mesh. Therefore the PGN membrane will has good value in popularization in the industrial electrosynthesis of ammonium persulfate in the future.

• 월간산업보건
• /
• s.291
• /
• pp.12-16
• /
• 2012

과황산암모늄 (ammonium persulfate), 과황산칼륨(potassium persulfate), 과황산나트륨(sodium persulfate)에 대한 작업 노출기준은 perfulfate ($S_2O_8$) 형태로서 0.1 $mg/m^3$(TLV-TWA)으로 권고하였다. 이 기준치는 피부 자극 및 피부염을 포함한 피부 또는 기관지계 관련 질환 발생을 최소화하기 위해 설정되었다. 몇몇 연구 자료에 의하면 이 물질들에 노출되면 폐 자극 증세도 나타난다고 보고되고 있다. 또한 이 TLV는 전신독성 측면보다는 자극 영향 측면에 근거를 두어 제안하였다. "감작제(SEN)", 발암성, TLV-STEL에 대한 설정은 유용한 자료의 부족으로 아직 권고하지 않고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.2
• /
• pp.231-244
• /
• 2020

As a way of finding value-added materials from waste medium density fiberboard (MDF), this study characterized cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) isolated by ammonium persulfate (APS) oxidation using recycled MDF fibers. Chemical composition of the recycled MDF fibers was done to quantify α-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, nitrogen, ash and extractives. The APS oxidation was performed at 60 ℃ for 16 h, followed by ultrasonication, which resulted in a CNC yield of 11%. Transmission electron microscope images showed that rod-like CNCs had an average length and diameter of 167±47 nm and 8.24±2.28 nm, respectively, which gave an aspect ratio of about 20. The conductometric titration of aqueous CNCs suspension resulted in a carboxyl content of 0.24 mmol/g and the degree of oxidation was 0.04. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy clearly showed the presence of carboxyl group on the CNCs prepared by the APS oxidation. The change of pH of the aqueous CNC suspension from 4 to 7 converted the carboxyl group to sodium carboxylate group. These results showed that the APS oxidation was facile and CNCs had a one-step preparation method, and thus suggested an optimization of the oxidation condition in future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.597-606
• /
• 2019

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were successfully isolated from oil palm fronds (OPFs) using different concentrations of ammonium persulfate (APS), and their characteristics were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). APS oxidation effectively isolated CNCs with rod-like morphology in nanometer scale. The dimensions of the CNCs decreased with increasing APS concentration. FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that all the CNCs showed crystals in the form of cellulose I without crystal transformation occurring during APS treatment. The relative crystallinity of the CNCs increased with increasing APS concentration, whereas their thermal stability decreased. An APS concentration of 2 M was found to be optimal for isolating the CNCs.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 2005

In this paper, the fabrication process of Si pressure sensors utilizing piezoresistive effect was optimized. The efficiency(yield) of the fabrication process for Si piezoresistive pressure sensors was improved by conducting Si anisotrophic etching process after processes of piezoresistors and AI circuit patterns. The position and process parameters for piezoresistors were determined by ANSYS and SUPREM simulators, respectively. The measured thickness of p-type Si piezoresistors from the boron depth-profile measurement was in good agreement with the simulated one from SUPREM simulation. The Si anisotrohic etching process for diaphragm was optimized by adding ammonium persulfate(AP) to tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.132-139
• /
• 2009

The toxicity test of ammonium persulfate was conducted to ensure of its potential toxic effects according to the single-dose acute oral toxicity study (OECD Guideline 423) and 90-day repeated dose sub-chronic oral toxicity study guideline (OECD Guideline 408) for establishing national chemical management system, and matching in the Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS) category. In acute oral toxicity study, pasty stool, perineal contamination and temporary body weight decrease were observed after dosing 1st and 2nd challenge (300 mg/kg body weight). All test animals were dead within 6 hours after dosing at 3rd challenge (2000 mg/kg body weight). Therefore, the GHS class of test substance is considered class 4. In sub-chronic toxicity study, body weight changes, food consumptions, hematological, biochemical and pathological examination did not show any noticeable and significant differences between the administered (5, 20, 80 mg/kg body weight) and control (vehicle only) group animals. Based on these results, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) is considered above 80 mg/kg body weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.23 no.7
• /
• pp.1064-1072
• /
• 1999

Nylon fabric was grafted for the purpose of the development of detergency against the hemoglobin as a protein soil. By free-radical producing chemical initiator systems the graft using acrylic acid(AA) as a hydrophilic vinyl monomer was performed to change surface energies in the presence of ammonium persulfate(APS) as an initiator and then acrylic acid grafted Nylon was treated with NaOH solution. The surface morphology for Nylon-g-NaAA with changing graft rate were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) The properties of the Nylon such as diameter tenacity elongation contact angle and the hemoglobin removal were also investigated. The diameter of grafted Nylon fiber increased as the graft ratio increased. The tenacity of grafted Nylon also increased with increasing graft ratio up to 15% The elongation however decreased gradually according to graft, The contact angle decreased after graft and alkaline treatment. The amount of hemoglobin on the grafted Nylon increased in proportion to the graft ratio. Hemoglobin was easily removed from grafted Nylon while it was difficult to be removed from ungrafted Nylon. The detergency of hemoglobin for grafted Nylon decreased when the graft ratio exceeded 15% The removal of hemoglobin increased markedly with increasing hemoglobin content and revolution speed. Therefore the removal of hemoglobin was improved due to graft and alkaline treatment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 2013

ETA (ethanolamine), a pH control agent, has been used as an ammonia substitute in the secondary system of nuclear power plants since 2001. It is impossible to remove ETA from the wastewater treatment system in the nuclear power plant operating currently, because it is the non-biodegradable organics in terms of the environmental. The optimum process and chemicals for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) & N with the field sample were investigated. More than 95% of Ammonium ions, contained much in wastewater, was removed with a diffused aeration system. COD could be removed over 90% through the process that includes the oxidation with mixed peroxidants (sodium persulfate/sodium percarbonate) followed by the physicochemical treatment with coagulants.