• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제29권
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• pp.11.1-11.7
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• 2014

Objectives South Korea's air quality standards are insufficient in terms of establishing a procedure for their management. The current system lacks a proper decision-making process and prior evidence is not considered. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure for establishing atmospheric environmental standards in South Korea that will take into consideration the health of its residents. Methods In this paper, the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the US was examined in order to suggest ways, which consider health effects, to establish air quality standards in South Korea. Up-to-date research on the health effects of air pollution was then reviewed, and tools were proposed to utilize the key results. This was done in an effort to ensure the reliability of the standards with regard to public health. Results This study showed that scientific research on the health effects of air pollution and the methodology used in the research have contributed significantly to establishing air quality standards. However, as the standards are legally binding, the procedure should take into account the effects on other sectors. Realistically speaking, it is impossible to establish standards that protect an entire population from air pollution. Instead, it is necessary to find a balance between what should be done and what can be done. Conclusions Therefore, establishing air quality standards should be done as part of an evidence-based policy that identifies the health effects of air pollution and takes into consideration political, economic, and social contexts.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2016

Regional air quality regulation is a system that allows the Minister of Environment to designate the local area as air quality control region where the concentrations of air pollutants are exceeding the environmental standards, and the local governments that administrate the regulated area have to develop and practise a plan for reducing the air pollutants. From the data observed yearly by the monitoring stations in 8 provincial cities with more than 0.5 million people was judged the compliance with air quality standards in each municipality for the period of 2003 to 2013. As the result of investigation on air pollutants concentrations of each city, it was found that there was no station that exceeds the ambient air quality standards of CO, $SO_2$ and 24-hour $NO_2$. But all municipalities exceeded the standards of 8-hour $O_3$, annual and 24-hour $PM_{10}$, and therefore 8 municipalities can be designated to be under the local air regulation. For the annual $NO_2$ were the monitoring sites necessary requirements for designation of the air quality regulation region in Cheongju, Cheonan, Daejeon and Gwangju area. Incase of 1-hour $O_3$, some of stations in Pohang, Cheongju, Cheonan and Changwon area were over the designation standards for the air quality control region.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.357-365
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• 1994

Air pollution characteristics and the influence of sea breeze on air pollution concentration were studied using the data measured at 7 air quality continuous monitoring stations in Pusan, 1993. Maximum air pollution concentration in Pusan was Gamjeondong for $SO_2$, Sinpyeongdong for TSP, Daeyeondong for $O_3, Kwangbokdong for $NO_2$, Beomcheondong for CO and all substances were under annual ambient air quality standards. Increased rate of concentration for sea breeze was 24.4% for 502, 31.5% for TSP, 8.0% fort $O_3, 26.7% for $NO_2$, 15.7% for CO. Frequencies distribution of $SO_2$, TSP, $O_3$, $NO_2$, and CO concentration for sea breeze moved toward high concentration class.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.381-391
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• 2007

The air quality modeling was carried out to assess the impact of air quality for large scale urban development. The site for the assessment is Multi-fuctional Administrative City which locates in Yeongi-gun, Chungcheongnam-do and estimated population in 2030 is 500,000. Two automatic weather monitoring stations were installed to monitor the meteorological variables for a year and upper air meteorological parameters were measured using radiosonde for 5 days with 4 hours interval in every season. The air quality of standard air pollutants were also measured for 5 days continuously in every season. The results of wind field analysis based on the site measurements and CALMET modeling showed that the valley and mountain winds were prevailed when the sypnotic wind was weak. It also showed that wind speed and directions were highly space-variable within the site basin. The variable wind characteristics implies that the Gaussian dispersion model such ISC3 and AERMOD are not appropriate and the unsteady-sate Lagrangian model such as CALPUFF is preferable. CALPUFF model was applied to assess air quality impact of new sources. The new sources were those for individual and group heating facilities as well as the traffic increases. The results showed that the estimated concentrations of CO and $SO_2$ pollutants by summing the impact concentration of new sources by the dispersion model and the ambient air concentrations by the site measurements were acceptable but those of PM-10 and $NO_2$ would violate ambient air quality standards at several locations due to high ambient air concentrations. It is recommended that the emission reductions near the site should be enforced to improve the ambient air quality.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.559-574
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• 2016

Based on air quality monitoring data ('10~'14) of Suwon City provided by the Korean Department of Environment, a fundamental statistic for 5 criteria pollutants such as $SO_2$, CO, $NO_2$, $O_3$, and $PM_{10}$ was initially investigated. The purpose of this paper was to review the ambient air quality standards(AAQS) of Korea, the U.S.A. and the EU and further to assess the degree of standard strength by the achievability of the AAQS comparing each national standard. Since the level and the way of standards for each air pollutant are various among countries, it is difficult to determine the degree of relative attainment using the same set of data above. Further when all the areas having bad air quality for a specific pollutant are classified as non-attainment case, it is more difficult to assess the degree of standard strength. Thus we introduced a new concept called the average concentration distance (ACD) to quantitatively estimate the strength. As results, the Korean 1-hr $NO_2$ AAQS is slightly stronger than the US standard and weaker than the EU standard. The Korean $O_3$ standard is strongest; however, the Korean $PM_{10}$ standard is weakest. Furthermore the equivalent levels of 8-hr $O_3$ standards in the U.S.A. and the EU were respectively estimated as 97.5 and 95.7 percentiles of the Korean standard with maintaining the existing standard of 60 ppb.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.128-134
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• 2015

This paper focuses on the applicability of a continuous monitoring method on trace sulfur compounds in the ambient air by TD and GC/PFPD. The target compounds for monitoring include H2S(hydrogen sulfide), Methyl mercaptan, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl disulfide. The result of QA/QC on monitoring instruments satisfies all the standards of Odor Measurement and Analysis Method, showing that the reproductivity of the compounds by concentration is within 10%, linearity is above 0.98 of a correlation efficient, method detection limit is 0.16 ppb by MM standard, and recovery rate is over 70%. Monitoring was conducted for two years from March 2006 to February 2008. As a result of the monitoring, the average concentration of H2S was 0.08 ppb, with the maximum concentration at 16.15 ppb. The result indicates that it is reasonable to do continuous monitoring as there appears a spontaneous event of high concentration by the condition of the site during monitoring odor-causing substances. Therefore, it is suggested that the continuous monitoring method used in this paper is appropriate to identify the characteristics of sudden occurrence and concentration variations of sulfur compounds.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.143-149
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• 2018

Air quality conditions and pollution status have been evaluated in the industrial area between Sharjah and Ajman border in UAE. Daily concentrations of $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) and Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) have been monitored from Sept. 2015 to April 2016. The monthly average concentrations of $O_3$, CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, TVOC were within the UAE ambient air quality standards during the survey period. However, $PM_{10}$ and TSP levels exceeded the recommended limits in Sept. 2015, Oct. 2015 and March 2016. Temporal variations in air quality parameters showed highest levels in March 2016 for $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10}$, $NO_2$, TVOC and TSP, whereas $O_3$, $SO_2$ and CO showed relatively low values in this month. $PM_{2.5}$ levels in ambient air were above the EPA guideline of $35{\mu}g/m^3$ in all months. $PM_{2.5}$ was the critical ambient air pollutant with Index for Pollutant ($I_p$) values varying from 103-209, indicating Air Quality Index categories of unhealthy for sensitive groups (62.5%) to unhealthy (25%) to very unhealthy (12.5%). The $I_p$ average values of $PM_{2.5}$ decreased from Sept. 2015 to reach lowest value in Dec. 2015 before increasing gradually, peaking in March 2016. These results suggest the potential health risks associated with $PM_{2.5}$ is low in winter, where the prevailing meteorological conditions of lower temperatures, higher humidity, higher wind speed reduced particulate matter. The results revealed the industrial area is impacted by anthropogenic and natural sources of particulate matter.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2007

In this study, various techniques for measurement and analysis of PAHs in the ambient air were verified in order to select a more reliable method. Sampling and analysis of PAHs were done by the EPA TO-13a method. QA/QC of the measurement was conducted to minimize errors in sampling and analyzing processes. The linearity of calibration curve of the PAH standards was good ($R^2{\geq}0.99$). Audit accuracy was evaluated using 5 internal standards of PAHs ($Naphthalene-d_8,\;Acenaphthene-d_{10},\;Phenanthrene-d_{10},\;Chrysene-d_{12},\;Perylene-d_{12}$). Relative standard deviations of the internal standard of the PAHs were ranged from 6.22% for $acenaphthene-d_{10}$ to 8.11% for $chrysene-d_{12}$. To evaluate the surrogate recoveries, two field surrogate standards of PAHs ($fluoranthene-d_{10},\;benzo(a)pyrene-d_{12}$) and two extract surrogate standards of the PAHs ($fluorene-d_{10},\;pyrene-d_{12}$) were spiked into all samples before field sampling and sample extraction, respectively. Recoveries of field the surrogate standards ranged from $80.4{\pm}12.2%$ for $fluoranthene-d_{10}$ to $66.2{\pm}12.8%$ for $benzo(a)pyrene-d_{12}$. Extraction recoveries of the surrogate standards ranged from $70.4{\pm}10.2%$ for $fluorene-d_{10}$ to $77.6{\pm}10.8%$ for $pyrene-d_{10}$. The detection limit of benzo(a)pyrene among 16 PAHs standards for quantitation was 20 pg.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.353-354
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• 1999

입자상물질에 관한 초기연구는 TSP (Total Suspended Particle)에 집중되었으나, TSP만으로는 인체에 미치는 영향이나 시정악화 같은 현상을 정확하게 설명한 수 없었다. 보건학적 관점에서, PM10과 사망률사이에 강한 상관관계가 있는 것으로 조사된 바 있으며 (Pope et al, 1995), 특히 PM10 중에서 미세입자 (PM2.5미만)는 인체에 미치는 영향이 더욱 큰 것으로 알려지고 있다 (Joel et al., 1996). 이에 따라 입자상 물질의 규제 관리는 미세입자 측면에서 강화될 필요가 있다.(중략)

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.169-191
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• 2012

This review paper describes the ambient air PAH concentrations in different developing Asian countries, including China, Afghanistan, India, Malaysia, Turkey, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Cambodia. In this study, more than 75 research papers published in the English literature were reviewed with respect to the seasonal and locational concentrations of PAHs in each of 9 different Asian countries. This study compared, discussed and tabulated the PAH concentrations in developing Asian countries over a one decade (2000-2011) period. The PAH concentrations measured in developing countries highlights the necessity to improve the air quality in those countries. Compared to the developed nations in Asia, developing countries are almost one decade away from implementing environmental policies, such as Euro standards. This review discusses the reasons for the high PAH concentrations in developing nations particularly in China and India. Based on the literature available, some suggestions are made to reduce the concentrations of PAHs in the ambient air of developing nations. The total data obtained from the literature survey is tabulated and presented as supplementary information at the end of the manuscript.