• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.9-24
• /
• 1997

Surfactant-aided in situ soil flushing has been proposed as an alternative for the expensive and time consuming 'pump and treat' technology in remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater Injected surfactants can effectively solubilize contaminants sorbed to the soil matrix or nonaqueous phase liquids(NAPLs) in residual saturation. The contaminants solubilized in groundwater are recovered and treated further. The theoretical background of the technology and the results of the field operations, mostly in the US. were summarized. In addition, the factors crucial to the successful application of the technology were discussed. Cost analyses and technical limitations in current applications were also discussed. In conclusion, it is likely that in situ surfactant flushing become a viable option for soil remediation in limited cases. Currently, further advances with respect to operation cost and to treatment efficiency are required for more extensive application of the technology. However, the current trends in soil remediation, specially the growing emphasis on risk based corrective action and natural attenuation, will increase the competitiveness of the technology. For example, removal of easily washable contaminants by short term soil flushing followed by long term monitoring and natural attenuation can greatly reduce the operation cost and time.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.674-678
• /
• 1998

The conventional surgical treatment of isolated critical stenosis of the left main coronary artery restores a less physiologic perfusion of the myocardium, leads to occlusion of the left coronary ostium, and consumes an appreciable length of bypass material. From June 1994 to February 1996, eleven patients, three male and eight female, underwent patch angioplasty and additional bypass graft to left anterior descending artery (10 internal mammary artery, 1 saphenous vein) in isolated critical left main coronary artery stenosis. Their ages ranged from 34 to 62 years, mean 44 years. All had 60% to 90% stenosis of the left main coronary artery and Class III angina. The angiogram showed nine osteal lesion and three main stem stenosis. The operation was performed with conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and cold blood cardioplegia. We approached anteriorly and used bovine pericardium as onlay patch in all patients. There were one leg wound dehiscence, but no operative deaths and infarctions. All patients are free of symptoms after a mean follow-up of 15.5 months. Angiographic restudy at an average 14.4 months was obtained in five patients and showed widely patent left main coronary artery with excellent runoff. But additional graft to left anterior descending coronary artery were stenosed in two patients and showed diminutive flow in others. Our preliminary results suggest that angioplasty of the left main coronary artery can be carried out with low operative risks. But additional bypass graft to left anterior descending coronary artery may be unnecessary. The technique appears to be a promising alternative to conventional coronary artery bypass grafting in isolated left main coronary artery stenosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2010

Background: Femoropopliteal artery bypss grafting is an effective form of treatment for infrainguinal artery occlusive disease in those patients who have either intermittent claudication or resting critical ischemia. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the long-term patency of a femoropopliteal bypass graft that is classified as an above-the-knee saphenous vein graft or an above-the-knee PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) graft. Material and Method:From January 1998 to February 2005, 103 above-the-knee femoro-popliteal bypasses were performed on 87 patients. There were 74 male and 13 female patients with a mean age of $65.7{\pm}9.69$ (range: 31~82). The surgical indications were intermittent claudication in 65 cases (74.7%), foot ulceration in 2 cases (2.3%), foot necrosis in 10 ases (11.5%) and toe necrosis in 10 cases (11.5%). For the bypass graft, a reversed saphenous vein was used in 31 limbs and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prosthesis was used in 72 limbs (6 mm: 27 limbs, 8 mm: 45 limbs). The perioperative risk factors were diabetes mellitus in 33 cases (37.9%), hypertension in 47 cases (54.0%), a history of ischemic heart disease in 13 cases (14.9%) and smoking in 72 cases (82.8%). Result:There were three perioperative deaths (3.4%) and seven late deaths (8.3%). Major leg amputation was necessary in 12 patients (13.8%) during the entire course of the study. The primary patency rate at 5 years for the vein grafts, the 8 mm-PTFE grafts and the 6 mm-PTFE grafts were 84.7%, 77.4% and 74.2%, respectively and the overall primary patency rate was 78.7%, and there were no significant statistical differences among the graft groups. By using multivariate analysis, the number of patent tibial arteries was determined to be a significant factor that influenced the primary graft patency rate (p<0.005), but risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, smoking and age had no statistically significant affect on the primary graft patency rates. Conclusion: The great saphenous vein is considered the most durable conduit for infrainguinal revascularization, but the overall results of this study show that saphenous vein and PTFE grafts have comparable patency rates when used above the knee in patients with claudication or critical ischemia. The use of PTFE above the knee is a reasonable alternative for a femoro-poplitael bypass and it is associated with acceptable long term patency rates.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 1995

One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2015

Italian ryegrass is generally cultivated by a winter forage in a paddy field, the harvest season overlaps with rice transplantion in some cases. In addition, farmers can miss the optimal seedtime for Italian ryegrass because of the rainy season. Therefore, this research was conducted between October 2012 and June 2013 in Kwangjin, Korea to examine the effect of spring-seeding on the yields and quality of Italian ryegrass for the determination of an alternative if the optimal seedtime is missed. This trial consists of four different seeding dates (15 February, 25 February, 5 March, and 15 March) and three varieties (Kowinmaster, Kowinearly, and Green farm). The Italian ryegrass varieties "Kowinmaster," "Kowinearly," and "Green farm" were sown on February 15. The heading date of each variety showed from May 12 to May 9 and interval time of five days but the Treatment of March 15 planting date showed three days interval. The Kowinmaster variety, planted on February 15, was 93.0 cm taller on March 15 with a height of 105.7 cm. The Kowinearly and Green farm varieties planted on February 15 were of a similar height on February 25 and received a poor lodging score when planted quickly. The dry matter (DM) yield of the Kowinearly planted on February 15 was high but that of Green farm was low at 6,609 kg/ha and a difference was not shown between the varieties. The DM yield was different for those varieties planted on February 15 and March 15 (P<0.05). The crude protein content (CPC) of those varieties planted on February 15 showed an average of 8.8%, while those that were planted on March 15 showed an average that was about 2.3% higher at 11.1%; furthermore, the latter also showed lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents, by 2.1% and 1.5%, respectively. The relative feed value was about 5.9% higher, depending on the seeding date, as well as being slower and showing less difference between the varieties. According to this study, Italian ryegrass planted in a paddy field of the southern region of Korea on February 25 will produce a high-quantity yield with nutritive value.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.94-100
• /
• 2009

This study was carried out to examine the antimicrobial effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) and processed sulfur solution (PSS) against human skin pathogens: Malassezia furfur, M. restricta, Propionibacterium arnes, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The antimicrobial effects of GSE and PSS were tested by agar diffusion method and micro broth dilution method. As the results, the MIC values of GSE against M. furfur, M. restricta, P. acnes, T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were 3.91, 3.91, 0.004, 0.024, and $0.012{\mu}l/ml$, respectively. The MIC values of PSS were 0.03, 0.03, 0.156, 0.003, and $0.012{\mu}l/ml$, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of skin care emulsion products containing 0.5% GSE and 0.5% PSS against human skin pathogens were 5.2, 4.3, 8.0, 9.5 and 12.8 mm, respectively. Refractive index, pH, viscosity and color value of skin care emulsions containing GSE and PSS were measured. According to these results, it was concluded that the GSE and PSS were the promising sources of antibacterial agent which could be useful for skin and hair care products as well as for the alternative medicine development in treatment of certain types of skin ailments.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2012

This study investigates the effect of ${\beta}$-glucans on the growth of Caenorhabditis elegans. Comparison was made among lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ${\beta}$-glucans extracted from Phellinus baumii, in the presence of peptidoglycans which is available as the major carbon source from OP50, a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli. When the three sources of carbohydrate were added singularly or in mixture to the culture media, a significant level of variation was observed with respect to fecundity. Addition of ${\beta}$-glucans appeared to increase the fecundity. When ${\beta}$-glucans was reinforced in the culture media, the fecundity increased at least 20 percent compared to the OP50-only media which exclusively contains peptidoglycans. In terms of life span, C. elegans showed a modest reduction when treated especially with ${\beta}$-glucans. C. elegans accumulated less fat in the ${\beta}$-glucans containing media different from the OP50 media. Based on the Sudan black staining, fat deposition significantly decreased corresponding to the ${\beta}$-glucans content in the media. On LPS-supplemented media, no difference was observed in fat deposition compared to the normal OP50 media. At the level of motility, ${\beta}$-glucans-treated worms moved more distance as well as LPS-treated worm. They also showed a comparable degree of motility under similar treatment with each source of carbohydrate. In conclusion, LPS and ${\beta}$-glucans, extracted from P. baumii, may not entirely replace the food required for C. elegans; however, it might be utilized as valuable alternative food source which C. elegans use as forms of carbohydrates in stead of peptidoglycan of OP50.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
• /
• 2003.07b
• /
• pp.37-54
• /
• 2003

It has been recognized that the hen. like its mammalian counterparts. provides young chicks with antibodies as protection against hostile invaders. This system facilitates the transfer of specific antibodies from serum to egg yolk. and provides a supply of antibodies called immunoglobulin Y(IgY) to the developing embryo and the hatched chick. The protection against pathogens that the relatively immuno-incompetent newly hatched chick has. is through transmission of antibodies from the mother via the egg. Egg yolk. therefore. can be loaded with a large amount of IgY against pathogens which can immobilize the existing or invading pathogens during the embryo development or in day-old chicks. Thus. the immunization of laying hens to various pathogens results in production of different antigen-specific IgY in eggs. Egg yolk contains 8~20 mg of immunoglobulins (IgY) per $m\ell$ or 136~340 mg per yolk suggesting that more than 30 g of IgY can be obtained from one immunized hen in a year. By immunizing laying hens with antigens and collecting IgY from egg yolk. low cost antibodies at less than ＄10 per g compared to more than ＄20.000 per g of mammalian IgG can be obtained. This IgY technology opens new potential market applications in medicine. public health veterinary medicine and food safety. A broader use of IgY technology could be applied as biological or diagnostic tool. nut-raceutical or functional food development. oral-supplementation for prophylaxis. and as pathogen-specific antimicrobial agents for infectious disease control. This paper has emphasized that when IgY-loaded chicken eggs are produced and consumed. the specific antibody binds. immobilizes and consequently reduces or inhibits the growth or colony forming abilities of microbial pathogens. This concept could serve as an alternative agent to replace the use of antibiotics. since today. more and more antibiotics are less effective in the treatment of infections. due to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.253-259
• /
• 2013

The use of subsurface drip fertigation using slurry composting bio-filtration (SCB) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer source can be beneficial to improve fertilizer management decision. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of SCB liquid fertilizer by subsurface drip fertigation on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield and soil nitrogen (N) distribution under greenhouse condition. Cucumber in greenhouse was transplanted on April $4^{th}$ and Aug $31^{st}$ in 2012. N sources were SCB and urea. Four N treatments with 3 replications consisted of control (No N fertilizer), SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N (50:50 split application), SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N. 100% of N recommendation rate from soil testing was denoted as 1.0N. The subsurface drip line and a tensiometer were installed at 30 cm soil depth. An irrigation was automatically started when the tensiometer reading was -15 kPa. The growth of cucumber at 85 days after transplanting was 5% higher in all N treatment than control. Semi-forcing culture produced more fruit yield than retarding culture. Fruit yields were 62.2, 76.3, 76.4, and 75.1 Mg $ha^{-1}$ for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. Although fruit yields were similar under SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, 176 kg K $ha^{-1}$ can be over applied if cucumber is grown twice a year under SCB 1.0N that may result in K accumulation in soil. N uptake was 172, 209, 213, 207 kg $ha^{-1}$ for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. N use efficiency was the highest (37%) at SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N under semi-forcing culture. Nitrate-N concentration in soil for all N treatments except control in semi-forcing culture was the highest between 15 and 30 cm soil depth at the 85 days after transplanting and between 0 and 15 cm soil depth after cucumber harvest. These results suggested that SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N can be used as an alternative N management for cucumber production in greenhouse if K accumulation is concerned.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.267-271
• /
• 2000

The present study was designed to develop the standardized formula for the preparation Jeung-Pyun with added raw soy flour and to investigate the applicability of Jeung-Pyun as the substitute of regular pizza crust made with wheat flour. The effect of adding raw soy flour at 3%, 5% level on fermentation time and viscosity of batters and texture and general desirability of Jeung-Pyun pizza were also studied. As the level of raw soy flour was increased the time required for 1 st and 2nd fermentation decreased and viscosity of batters increased significantly. Jeung-Pyun crust after steaming found to have appropriate texture and form for a substitute of wheat flour pizza crust. Texture parameters determined by QST showed that Jeung-Pyun crust with added raw soy flour had lower values in hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess without any significant difference. However, chewiness of 5% raw soy flour group was significantly lower than control group. Texture of Jeung-Pyun crust and general desirability of Jeung-Pyun pizza were determined by sensory evaluation. Textural parameters of Jeung-Pyun crust were evaluated on the basis of hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, tenderness and wetness. As a result of sensory evaluation Jeung-Pyun crust made with 5% raw soy flour had significant lower values in hardness, cohesiveness, tenderness and wetness than the control. However, the textural parameters between control and 3 % raw soy flour group were not significantly different. Jeung-Pyun pizza with topping were evaluated by sensory panel. Jeung-Pyun pizza made with 3% raw soy flour received the highest score in apperance and general desirability without any significant difference. 5% raw soy flour group had significantly lower score in general desirability among 3 treatment groups. In conclusion, Jeung-Pyun crust made by traditional Jeung-Pyun preparation method will be a good alternative to replace wheat flour pizza crust. Adding raw soy flour at 3% level did not affect the quality of Jeung-Pyun crust and had an effect of promoting fermentation. Jeung-Pyun Pizza crust was expected to have tender texture and slower retrogradation rate than regular pizza crust with wheat flour.