• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2003

Salt spray, CASS(copper accelerated acetic salt spray) and EC(electrolytic corrosion) tests were performed in order to evaluate the corrosion resistance of plated Ni and Ni-Cr layers on Fe substrate. Compared with the conventional methods such as salt spray and CASS, the electrochemical method such as EC test may be beneficial in terms of test time span and quantitative accuracy. Furthermore, EC test can also become the alternative method to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of coatings by measuring the corrosion potentials of the coated layers in the electrolyte during the off-time of EC cycles. Compared with the corrosion potentials of pure iron, nickel, chromium, those potentials of coated layers can be used to anticipate the extent of corrosion. Results showed that in terms of the test time span, EC test gave 14 times and 21 times faster results than the salt spray test in cases of $5\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni and $20\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni plated layers, respectively. In addition, EC test also offered the shorter test time span than CASS test in cases of $5 \mu\textrm{m}$ Ni + $0.5\mu\textrm{m}$ Cr, and $20\mu\textrm{m}$ Ni + $0.5\mu\textrm{m}$ Cr on Fe substrate by 78 times and 182 times, respectively. Therefore, EC test can be regarded as the better method to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of coated layers than the conventional methods such as salt spray and CASS.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5687-5690
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• 2012

Objective: The study was planned with the purpose of examining the attitude of women who have pap-smear test for the early diagnosis of cervical cancer, factors affecting their decisions and their feelings and experiences during this period. Materials and Methods: A phenomenological method was used. Data were collected between March 2012 and April 2012 using standard and purposive samplings from 17 women. A detailed interview with women were held in their houses and recorded. The data collection tool consisted of two parts, one of which is information form with 17 questions identifying sociodemographic and cervical cancer risk factors of women and the second part is made up of semi-structured interview form with 15 alternative questions taking literature and the pap-smear test into consideration. Collected data were put into a written document. Content analysis was held by loading the documents into NVIVO 8 Statistical Programme. Results: The study comprised themes such as cervical risk factor, decision of taking pap-smear test, taking pap-smear test, knowledge about pap-smear test, relieving factors during pap-smear test, obstructive factors during pap-smear test, gynecological examination and feelings of women during and after pap-smear test while waiting for the results. Conclusions: As women perceive gynaecological examinations differently from other examinations, they have different feelings in each process of the Pap smear test. Medical staff should advise women more clearly on the nature and advantages of the Pap-smear test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.120-126
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• 2005

The method of decreasing the ecological risk for the LRE(Liquid Rocket Engine) test is developed, working on the cryogenic oxidizer and the high-boiling fuel(Kerosene). This Method is based on the study that contains a technical solution method and an accident occurrence range for decreasing of accident probability and damage. This paper contains schematic on the all risk circumstance bring to accident, block-diagram for an accident growth process in case of the propellant leakage, technical solution method and risk reduction evaluation method. It will be used to alternative method for the risk reduction of complex technical systems.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2009

The prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in healthy persons was estimated as about $10{\sim}25%$ and was up to 40% in patients with stroke. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was considered to be the most sensitive method to detect PFO and was used as the gold standard. Transcranial doppler sonography (TCD) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during a contrast (saline bubble) injection has recently been proposed as an alternative detecting method for PFO. In this study, we would like to know the difference between TCD value and TEE value in subjects with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. We performed TCD and TEE tests to detect PFO on 64 patients (30 women and 34 men, mean age was 59.4 years) with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. PFO prevalence through TCD was 45.3% (29 of 64 patients) and the prevalence through TEE was 34.4% (22 of 64 patients). There was no statistical significance between PFO test and TCD test (P=0.206). But TCD had a sensitivity of 90.9% (20 of 22 patients), specificity of 78.6% (33 of 42 patients), positive predictive value of 69.0% (20 of 29 patients), and negative predictive value of 94.3% (33 of 35 patients). We concluded that TCD was a highly sensitive method for detecting a right-left shunt. Therefore, the non-invasive TCD test is a method more effective than the anti-invasive TEE test in the cost and evaluation of the existence or nonexistence of right to left shunt in addition to the screening method of the cerebrovascular disorder. Considering these points, TCD test could be recommended for patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke as a useful and convenient method for screening of the existence or nonexistence of a right to left shunt caused by PFO.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.68-73
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• 2019

We proposed a method to convert the CO2 emission data of vehicles collected from the chassis dynamometer test from distance unit to energy unit which generally measured from the engine dynamometer tests. In the future, if engine dynamometer tests are limited, it is expected to be applied as an alternative method to calculate CO2 emission based on energy unit through the chassis dynamometer test. At this moment, engine efficiency is required and the test mode average efficiency should be used to improve the accuracy, not the result derived from specific speed and load conditions. Also, this method was applied to foreign data and the results were within 0.2%. However, CO, NOx and THC which have very low emission characteristics except CO2, are limited by the method proposed in this study and need to be considered separatively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.117-117
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to assess a possible alternative method as replacement for in vivo phototoxicity test. The 3T3 mouse fibroblast neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay (3T3 NRU PT assay) is a screening method for studying DNA or cellular damage. Photohemolysis assay is a mechanistic study for investigating oxygen-dependent membrane damage.(omitted)

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

A new test for testing that a life distribution is exponential against the alternative that it is harmonic new better (worse) than used in expectation upper tail HNBUET (HNWUET), but not exponential is presented based on the highly popular 'Kernel methods' of curve fitting. This new procedure is competitive with old one in the sense of Pitman's asymptotic relative efficiency, easy to compute and does not depend on the choice of either the band width or kernel. It also enjoys good power.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1401-1408
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• 2013

Kim and Kim (1992) proposed typical nonparametric method for umbrella alternative in randomized block design with replications. In this paper, We consider a test procedure for umbrella alternatives in a randomized block design using extension of the two sample placement tests described in Orban and Wolfe (1982) and treatment tests described in Kim (1999). We perform a Monte Carlo study to compare the empirical powers of the test statistics for underlying distributions.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.182-186
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• 1997

This paper presents a mathematical approach to implementing distributed optimal power flow (OPF), wherein a regional decomposition technique is adopted to parallelize the OPF. Three mathematical decomposition coordination methods are introduced firs to implement the proposed distributed scheme: the Auxiliary Problem Principle (APP), the Predictor-Corrector Proximal Multiplier Method (PCPM), and the Alternating Direction Method (ADM). Then two alternative schemes for modeling distributed OPF are introduced; the Dummy Generator-Dummy Generator (DGDG) scheme and Dummy Generator-Dummy Load (DGDL) scheme. We present the mathematical analyses of the proposed approach, and demonstrate the approach on several test, systems, including IEEE Reliability Test Systems and parts of the ERCOT (Electric Reliability Council of Texas) system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.194-194
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• 2001

Preclinical test methods for allergenic potential chemicals has been widely used to assess human risks and has been developed. Recently, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) has been proposed as a prospective method to identify contact allergens and to replace conventional the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). The objective of this study was to establish LLNA and to evaluate allergenicity of chemicals by LLNA. (omitted)