• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2004

A suitable bioreactor culture system for shoot proliferation and bulblet formation of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum Makino was established. Uptake of soluble carbohydrates in different bioreactor culture systems was also analyzed during the entire culture period. Optimal conditions for multiple shoot formation were determined in raft culture (RC) and modified raft culture system (MRC) (13-15 per explant) in which the explants were placed on a net contacting liquid medium. For bulblet formation and enlargement, 93.4％ of shoot clumps formed bulblets at the basal part. Furthermore, they were uniform in size when cultured with ebb & flood system (E&FS). Bulblets harvested from RC and MRC showed vigorous rooting, however, their growth was not uniform. Whereas soluble carbohydrate contents in the bulblets cultured in E&FS were low, starch content was high. Sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations in the medium of E&FS culture system decreased as bulblet formation and enlargement proceeded, suggesting that external sucrose is taken up to by the cells before it is hydrolyzed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.502-509
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• 1993

In Ulrung floral community the growing environments and nutritive values of wild garlic was investigated. The wild garlic, grown for $3{\sim}4\;years$ in community area, were able to develope bulbs. The bulbs with 2 leaves had the highest ratio of propotion as 75.1% of share among the distribution of bulbs with completely developed leaves and 1 leaf-bulbs and 3 leaves-bulbs had 19.6% and 5.3%, respectively. Also the 2 or 3 leaves-bulbs indicated the better growth states in the part of shoot and bulbs than 1 leaf-bulbs, and there was a significant defferences in each growth between 2 leaves-and 3 leaves-bulbs. On the wild garlics we cannot find out insect injuries. However, there was deseases with symptoms of leaf-spots and lesion from May to June. At first it made a small spots on the leaves, followed by senescence at arrounding area of spots, and then it expanded to whole leaf. This pathogenic bacterium was supposed to be a member of Aristastoma. The contents of crude protein, fat, and carbohydrate in each portion of wild garlics decresed in the order of shoot, expanded leaves and bulbs. On the contrary, crude fibers increased in the same order and so it is not suitable for human consumption nutritional value. However, because the shoots of wild garlics have more than the other Allium sp., the shoots will be a good quality food stuff.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.620-624
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• 2007

Allium victorials var. platyphyllum were ground, extracted with 95% EtOH, concentrated, and fractionated with a series of n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, butanol and water on a separatory funnel. A portion of ethyl acetate soluble fraction was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel column using various solvent system as eluents. The isolated compounds were identified by TLC, $^1H-$, $^{13}C$-NMR, HMBC and EI-MS. Astragalin (compound 1), kaempferol (compound 2), quercetin (compound 3), ferulic acid (compound 4) were isolated from the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of A. victorials.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 1996

The calli obtained from the bulbs of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum on MS based medium containing 2 mg/L 2, 4-D and 1mg/L BA. Plants from calli were regenerated on MS basal media supplemented with combinations of NAA and four kinds of cytokinin, BA, zeatin, kinetin and 2iP, and with only each cytokinin. The good response of shoot regeneration was observed in the media with combinations of NAA and BA or zeatin, and with only BA or zeatin. Shoot regenerating response in the medium with combinations of NAA and BA or zeatin, and with only BA or zeatin. Shoot regerating response in the medium with combinations of NAA and BA or zeatin was about two times higher than that in the mediuim with only BA or zeatin. From the karyotypic analysis of the regenerated plants, abnormal diploids, aneuploids and mixoploid with structural aberrations were investigated. The somaclonal variants (AV 16-04, AV 13-03) were shown the considerable differences from normal diploid regenerant (AV 18-03) in the external morphology.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

Analysis of the various constituents and determination of biological activities in the different parts (root, stem, and leaf) of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum were carried out. Potassium and calcium were detected in higher contents (mg/100 g fresh wt.) than other minerals. The total phenolic content (mg tannic acid eq./100 g dry wt.) decreased in the order of leaves ($792.7{\pm}16.6$) > stems ($160.3{\pm}6.8$) > roots ($101.5{\pm}2.7$), and the total flavonoid content (mg quercetin eq./100 g dry wt.) was as follows: leaves ($497.9{\pm}11.1$), roots ($35.7{\pm}0.4$), stems ($18.5{\pm}1.4$). DPPH radical-scavenging activity and inhibition activity against the formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide in rat blood plasma was higher in the leaves than in roots and stems. Extracts of A. victorialis separated by parts displayed antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, of which the strongest activity was against C. perfringens.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.865-873
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• 2018

Allium ochotense and Allium microdictyon are commonly known as 'Mountain garlic' and are popular, economically important species in many countries such as Korea, China, and Mongolia. Their leaves are used as culinary side dishes and in traditional medicines. In Korea, these two species are at risk of extinction due to damage to their natural habitat and thus, conservation and breeding programs are needed. However, their identification relies mostly on morphological data, which is limited and until recently, led to classifying these two species under A. victorialis. In the present study, a simple and reliable method of molecular identification was developed to distinguish A. ochotense from A. microdictyon that targets four barcoding regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the maturase K gene (matK), the chloroplast psbA-trnH intergenic region, and the ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene (rbcL). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in ITS and matK regions, and species-specific primers were designed based solely on the SNP at position 680 of the ITS region that could differentiate A. ochotense from A. microdictyon. Using these primers in amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)-PCR, A. ochotense, and A. microdictyon could be simultaneously and efficiently distinguished. This study is the first to report a simple, rapid, and efficient method for discriminating A. ochotense and A. microdictyon, indicating the utility of species-specific markers in the development of conservation and breeding programs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 1998

When the contents of the constituents such as total amino acids, free amino acids, volatile organosulfuric compounds and steroidal saponins among three origins in the aerial-and underground parts of Allium victorialis, it was suggested that the characteristic components regarding to quality evaluation could be differed according to the purpose of utilization. For the utilization of amino acids, underground parts of this plant was shown to be better than aerial part. In addition, Ulung island origin was found to contain the highest amino acids content among the three origins though the difference was small. The amino acids showing remarkably high contents were appeared to be arginine, glutamine and asparagine. In the volatile organosulfuric compounds, the origina of Mt. Odae and Mt. Chiri positioned in inland showed higher contents than Ulung island origin geographically positioned in the ocean. Inland origins were shown to contain higher organosulfurie component contents in aerial parts than in underground parts while those of Ulung island origin were higher in underground parts than aerial parts. Underground parts, regarding to saponin constituents, showed higher contents than aerial parts. Underground parts of Ulung island origin were shown to contain more saponins than those of other two origins and the sequence of the contents was in the order of Ulung island>Mt. Chiri>Mt Odac.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.433-443
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• 2006

The effects of Allium vegetables on blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (S12) induced diabetic rats were investigated. Diabetes mellitus was induced by S1'2 injection (45 mg/kg 5.w.) into the tail vein. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $220\;{\pm}\;10\;g$ were randomly assigned to 7 groups: normal, S1'2-control and five Allium groups (Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum, Allium sativum, Allium tuberosum and Allium victorialisL Normal and S12control groups were fed an AIN-93 diet and five Allium groups were fed a modified diet containing. 10% Allium powder each for 4 weeks. Body weight, diet intake, food efficiency ratio (FER) and organ weights- were monitored. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were observed: Plasma lev~ls of glucose, free fatty acid, triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol were analyzed. Levels of glycogen, cholesterol and triglyceride in liver were determined. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver, lung, kidney, and pancreas were assayed. The hepatic contents of chromium (Cr) , iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mu) were measured. The Allium sativum group had weight gain and suppressed a hypertrophy of the kidney significantly. The activity of ALT was significantly lowered in the diabetic groups except Allium sativum group compared to STZ-control group. The Allium sativum and Allium tuberosum groups showed the hypoglycemic effects at 4 weeks. There were no significant differences between the control and all the other diabetic groups in the plasma levels of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and free fatty acids. Most of the Allium groups except Allium fistulosum were observed significantly lowered level of MDA in the lung compared to STZ-control group. The diabetic rats fed the Allium cepa and Allium sativum have shown significantly lowered hepatic Zn contents. The results suggested that the intake of the Allium vegetables may be effective in the antihyperglycemia by lowering blood glucose levels.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

To search for cytotoxic components from Allium victoriallis , MTT assays on each extract and an isolated component, gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside, were performed against cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicities of most extract were shown to be comparatively weak, though $IC_50$ values of $CHCl_3$fraction was found to be <31.3-368.4 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. From the incubated methanol extract at $36^{\circ}C, eleven kinds of organosulfuric flavours were predictable by CG-MS performance. The most abundant peak was revealed to be 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin(1) by its mass spectrum. Further, this extract showed significant cytotoxicities toward cancer cell lies. Silica gel column chromatography of the n-butanol fraction led to the isolation of gitogenin 3-O-lycotetroside (3) along with astragalin (4) and kaempferol 3, 4'-di-O-$\beta$-D-glycoside (5). This steroidal saponin exhibited significant cytotoxic activities ($IC_50$, 6.51-36.5 $\mu\textrm{g}/ml$) over several cancer cell lines. When compound 3 was incubated for 24 h with human intestinal bacteria, a major metabolite was produced and then isolated by silica gel column chromatography. By examining parent and prominent ion peak in FAB-MS spectrum of the metabolite, the structure was speculated not to be any of prosapogenins of 3, suggesting that spiroketal ring were labile to the bacterial reaction. These suggest that disulfides produced secondarily are the antitumor principles.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.284-294
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of habitats distributed with Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum populations in the South Korea. The vascular plants were surveyed 4 times from March 2009 to June 2010. The flora of studied area was listed as 214 taxa; 64 families, 142 genus, 181 species, 2 subspecies, 30 varieties, 1 forma. According to the specific plant species by classes, class I has 17 taxa; 15 families, 16 genus, 15 species, 2 varieties. Class II has 16 taxa; 13 families, 16 genus, 15 species, 2 varieties. Class III has 20 taxa; 16 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 2 varieties. Class III has 20 taxa; 16 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 2 varieties. Class IV has 23 taxa; 20 families, 23 genus, 19 species, 4 varieties. Class V has 2 taxa; 2 families, 2 genus, 2 species. Rare plant was 12 taxa; 9 families, 11 genus, 10 species, 2 varieties. Endemic plant was 21 taxa; 17 families, 19 genus, 18 species, 3 varieties. Endangered plant was not present in study area. It was considered that the ecosystem was probably stabilized for nothing of naturalized species and ecosystem disturbance species there. The characteristics of growth environments in the habitats with Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum were considered to be related to valley species and subalpine species such as Actinidia polygama, Cornus controversa, Rhododendron brachycarpum and Sorbus commixta.