• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 1991

Genetic structure of a Pinus densiflora population consisting of two subpopulations on the north-and south-facing slopes of a mountain was studied by allozyme analysis. Allozyme variants in aspartate aminotransferase(AAT), glutmate dehydrogenase(GDH) and leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) systems are encoded, at least, by eight loci ; five for AAT, one for GDH and two for LAP. Average number of alleles examined over six loci was 3.33. Average heterozygosity and genetic diversity computed over six loci were, respectively, 0.19 and 2.76 for parental population, 0.17 and 2.22 for progeny population. Differences in allelic frequencies between maternal sources at many of the investigated loci were found and between subpopulations on the north- and south-facing slopes. Allele frequencies of maternal origin at some of the loci were significantly different from each other between the two subpopulations. Thus it appears that the matings within and between subpopulations were not random and the mountain ridge that divides the north-and south-facing slopes isolate the two suhpopulations reproductively to a great extent. Some of the genotypes both in parental and progeny(embryo) groups deviate significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state. It appears from the result that the pine population is originated from a few limited ancestral trees and thus consanguineous matings are prevalent in this pine population.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1984

Allozyme study for open pollinated seeds of forty nine pitch pine families in an $F_1$-hybrid seed orchard demonstrated that allozyme variants in aspartate aminotransferase(AAT), glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH) and leucine aminopeptidase(LAP) systems are encoded by at Least eight loci; five for AAT, one for GDH and two fur LAP. Allozyme variations showed polymorphisms at seven of the eight loci, except GDH. Average number of alleles examined over six loci were 2.33 and 2.67 for maternal and progeny groups, respectively. Average heterozygosity and genetic diversity computed over six loci were, respectively, 0.235 and 5.409 for maternal tree group, 0.238 and 5.569 for progeny group. The proportion of $F_1$-hybrid seeds estimated by allozyme analysis was 0.77%. The estimated proportion of $F_1$ hybrid seeds by allozyme study is in good agreement with the value 0.73% estimated by morphological study for the proportion of pitch ${\times}$ Loblolly $F_1$ hybrid seedlings at a nursery. Indications for Wahlund effect, high levels of self-fertilization and for non-random matings in the $F_1$ hybrid seed orchard call for cautions in estimating allele frequency changes and mating probabilities for the parental and progeny groups.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.4
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• pp.560-565
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• 2013

Population genetic structure and diversity of Ulmus davidiana var. japonica in South Korea were studied using ISSR markers. A total of 45 polymorphic ISSR amplicons were cropped from 7 ISSR primers and 171 individuals of 7 populations. The average of effective alleles and the proportion of polymorphic loci were 1.5 and 89% respectively. The Shannon's diversity index (I) was 0.435 and the expected heterozygosity from the frequentist's method ($H_e$) and the Bayesian inference (hs) were 0.289 and 0.323 respectively. From AMOVA, 4.2% of total genetic variation in the elm populations was explained with the difference among populations (${\Phi}_{ST}=0.042$) and the other 95.8% was distributed within populations. The ${\theta}^{II}$ value by Bayesian method which was comparable to the FST was 0.043. So the level of genetic diversity in the elm populations was similar to that in Genus Ulmus and the level of genetic differentiation was lower than that of others. No population showed a significant difference in the population-specific fixation indices (average of $PS-F_{IS}=0.822$) or the population-specific genetic differentiations (average of $PS-F_{ST}=0.101$). Seven populations were allocated into 3 groups in the UPGMA and the PCA, but the grouping patterns were different. Also, we could not confirm any geographic trend from Bayesian clustering.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.4
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• pp.414-421
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• 2016

Fourteen Acer pseudosieboldianum populations in South Korea were used to estimate genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and genetic relationships using seven AFLP primer combinations. The average of effective alleles ($A_e$), the proportion of polymorphic loci (%P) and Shannon's diversity index (I) was 1.4, 82.2% and 0.358, respectively. The expected heterozygosity ($H_e$) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was 0.231 and the expected heterozygosity (Hj) from Bayesian inference was 0.253. The level of genetic diversity was moderate compared to those of Genus Acer and lower than those of other species having similar ecological niche and life history. The inbreeding coefficient within populations ($F_{IS}$) from Bayesian method was 0.712 and it could be influenced by selfing or biparental inbreeding to induce homozygote excess. The level of genetic differentiation was 0.107 from AMOVA (${\Phi}_{ST}$) and 0.110 from Bayesian method (${\Phi}^{II}$). The genetic differentiation was lower than those of other species having similar ecological niche and life history. Ulleungdo population had the lowest level of genetic diversity and was genetically the most distinct population from others in the study. We consider that founder effect and genetic drift might be occurred to reduce genetic diversity and then the geographical isolation might interrupt gene flow to aggravate it.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.4
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• pp.408-416
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• 2017

This study describes DNA fingerprinting analysis of twenty-three natural monument individuals of Ginkgo biloba using eight microsatellite markers. The average number of observed alleles was 6.875, and the expected heterozygosity and the observed heterozygosity were 0.711 and 0.710, respectively. This results were similar to those of the previous studies on Ginkgo trees analyzed by same markers in China and Japan. PIC value and PD were calculated at 0.677 and 0.9999 respectively, indicating a high individual identification efficiency. In fact, all of the natural monument ginkgo trees and additionally analyzed thirteen general ginkgo tress were identified by genotype comparison. PI and PD calculated in three markers (Ging06, Gb60, Gb61) with the highest PIC values calculated in natural monument ginkgo trees were $8.045{\times}10^{-5}$ and 99.99%, respectively. Thus, these three markers could be preferentially used in DNA fingerprinting for identifying ginkgo tree individuals. The results in this study will be useful for management of natural monument ginkgo trees, proliferation of their progeny and genetic identification of individuals selected in breeding process.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.196-206
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• 2005

Objectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pathophysiology of alcoholics by investigating the differences in frequency of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2(ALDH2) genotypes and ALDH2 alleles between patients with alcohol dependence and controls, and the differences of drinking and personality traits in Korean male alcoholics with ALDH2 genotype variances. Methods:The authors selected 98 patients with alcohol dependence and 53 controls. Self-report questionnaires for acute reponses after alcohol ingestion, the AUI(Alcohol Use Inventory), and the NEO-PI-R(NEO Personality Inventory Revised) were given to all patients with alcohol dependence. ALDH2 genotypes were typed with MboII RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) method in 53 controls and 98 patients with alcohol dependence. The authors divided alcoholic patients into two groups according to the presence of variant $ALDH2^2$ allele;normal ALDH2 alcoholics(N=87) and variant ALDH2 alcoholics(N=11). Results:1) The genotypic frequencies of subjects with $ALDH2^{1/1}$ were higher and those with $ALDH2^{1/2}$ and $ALDH2^{2/2}$ were lower in patients than in controls. 2) Alcohol dependence could be found in $ALDH2^{2/2}$ homozygote individuals. 3) Variant ALDH2 alcoholics had more family problems in the AUI than normal ALDH2 alcoholics. 4) Variant ALDH2 alcoholics experienced more flushing and cardiovascular responses after alcohol ingestion than normal ALDH2 alcoholics. 5) Variant ALDH2 alcoholics had less altruistic personality traits in the NEO-PI-R than normal ALDH2 alcoholics. 6) Variant ALDH2 alcoholics tended to have more tolerance to alcohol than normal ALDH2 alcoholics. Conclusion:Variant $ALDH2^2$ allele might play a protective role in the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence and there were several significant differences of drinking and personality traits in Korean male alcoholics with ALDH2 genotype variances.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2005

For the genetic assessment of the cattle breeds including Hanwoo, eleven microsatellite markers on ten bovine autosomes were genetically characterized for 618 individuals of nineteen cattle breeds; North Eastern Asian breeds (Korean cattle, Korean Black cattle, Japanese Black cattle, Japanese Brown cattle, Yanbian cattle), Chinese yellow cattle (Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle), European Bas taurus (Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein, Limousin), African Bas taurus (N'Dama, Baoule), African Bas indicus (Kavirondo Zebu, White Fulani), Asian Bas indicus (Sahiwal, Nelore) and one Bali cattle, Bas banteng as an outbreed-reference population. Allele frequencies derived from the genotyping data were used in estimating heterozygosities, gene diversities and genetic distances. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, with a total of 162 different alleles observed across all loci. Variability in allele numbers and frequencies was observed among the breeds. The average expected heterozygosity of North Eastern Asian breeds was higher than those of European and African taurines, but lower than those of Asian and African indicines. Genetic distances were estimated using Nei's DA genetic distance and the resultant DA matrix was used in the construction of the phylogenetic trees. The genetic distances between North Eastern Asian cattle breeds and Bas indicus were similar with those between European Bas taurus and Bas indicus, and African Bas taurus and Bas indicus, respectively. The clusters were clearly classified into North Eastern Asian, European and African taurines groups as well as different cluster with Chinese mainland breeds, firstly out-grouping with Bas indicus. These results suggest that Korean cattle, Hanwoo, had not been originated from a crossbred between Bas primigenius in Europe and Bas indicus in India and North Eastern Asian Bas taurus may be have separate domestication from European and African Bas taurus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.533-538
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• 2004

An introgression line, WH79006 was produced from a single plant from $BC_5F_3$ families from a cross between Hwaseongbyeo used as a recurrent parent and O. minuta (BBCC, Ace. No. 101154) as a donor parent, which was subsequently self-pollinated for three generations. WH79006 resembled the O. sativa parent, Hwaseongbyeo. However it differed from Hwaseongbyeo in several traits including days to heading, culm length, grain size, spikelets per panicle and fertility. These differences in the traits between WH79006 and Hwaseongbyeo can be attributed to the O. minuta introgressions. To detect the introgressions, 294 SSR markers of known chromosomal position have been used. At least, 28 introgressed chromosomal segments have been identified using SSR markers and they map to all chromosomes except chromosome 2. The size of the introgressed segments ranged from 4 to 35cM. A QTL related to culm length was detected using 75 $F_2$ plants from the Hwaseongbyeo/WH79006 cross. This QTL, cl6 located on chromosome 6 explained $9.6\%$ of the total phenotypic variation in the population. This QTL has not been detected in the previous QTL studies between Oryza sativa cultivars, indicating potentially novel alleles from O. minutan.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: It is well-known that alcohol consumption is associated with stroke risk as well as with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene (ALDH2) polymorphisms. However, it is unclear whether ALDH2 polymorphisms are associated with stroke risk independent of alcohol consumption and whether such association is modified by sex. We evaluated sex-specific associations of a common ALDH2 polymorphism and alcohol consumption with stroke risk in a Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 8,465 men and women, aged 40-69 years and free of stroke between June, 2001 and January, 2003, and followed for the development of stroke. We identified new cases of stroke, which were self-reported or ascertained from vital registration data. Based on genome-wide association data, we selected a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs2074356), which shows high linkage disequilibrium with the functional polymorphism of ALDH2. We conducted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis considering potential risk factors collected from a baseline questionnaire. RESULTS: Over the median follow-up of 8 years, 121 cases of stroke were identified. Carrying the wild-type allele of the ALDH2 polymorphism increased stroke risk among men. The multivariate hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] of stroke was 2.02 [1.03-3.99] for the wild-type allele compared with the mutant alleles, but the association was attenuated after controlling for alcohol consumption. Combinations of the wild-type allele and other risk factors of stroke, such as old age, diabetes mellitus, and habitual snoring, synergistically increased the risk among men. Among women, however, the ALDH2 polymorphism was not associated with stroke risk. CONCLUSIONS: The prospective cohort study showed a significant association between a common ALDH2 polymorphism and stroke risk in Korean men, but not in Korean women, and also demonstrated that men with genetic disadvantages gain more risk when having risk factors of stroke. Thus, these men may need to make more concerted efforts to control modifiable risk factors of stroke.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2018

I investigated that ALK receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene polymorphisms were contributed to susceptibility to ICH in Korean population. I recruited 156 ICH patients and 425 healthy controls for this study, respectively. rs1881421, rs1881420, rs3795850, and rs2246745 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. The genotype and allele distributions of tested four SNPs was analyzed using the SNPStats, SPSS 22.0, and the Haploview v.4.2 software. The Odd's ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P values were calculated in allele and genotype models. I found that rs1881421, rs1881420, rs3795850, and rs2246745 SNPs of ALK gene (rs1881421, OR=2.02, 95% CI=1.54-2.64, p<0.001; rs1881420, OR=0.53, 95% CI=1.16-2.01, p=0.003; rs3795850, OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.17-2.02, p=0.002; rs2246745, OR=1.95, 95% CI=1.46-2.60, p<0.001 in each allele analysis). And distributions of CC, GT, and GC haplotypes between the ICH group and the control group also showed significant association with ICH (CC haplotype, p<0.001; GT haplotype, p=0.006; GC haplotype, p<0.001). These minor alleles of tested four SNPs in ALK gene were contributed to increased risk of development for ICH. Our findings suggested that the ALK gene may be a risk factor for susceptibility to ICH.The Korea Internet of Things Society.