• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.399-407
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• 2012

Objectives : Purpose of this research is to determined the general knowledge on oral health and the usage of oral hygiene products in the orthodontic patients and try to provide an appropriate oral hygiene products for the patients. Methods : Orthodontic patients who visited a dental clinic in Daejeon were selected and data from 352 patients were collected. Questionnaire based on survey was conducted from 1st of March to 30th in 2011 and all the data was analysed by using SPSS statistical program (VER 15.0). Frequency analysis, $x^2$ test, T-test and the amount of diurnal variance analysis (one-way ANOVA) were also used. After that, scheffe's post-test method was conducted. Results : According to the general characteristics of oral health care knowledge score was $2.87{\pm}0.60$, the attitude score was $2.96{\pm}0.57$. toothbrush replacement cycle were less than 3 months (p=0.007, p=0.000) and frequency of brushing one day more than three times higher in patients with knowledge to help attitude. according to the sex, age, and duration of orthodontic treatment with oral hygiene devices of usage was higher in the calibration toothbrush usage, awareness was higher in the interdental toothbrushes. according to the type of orthodontic devices from the oral hygiene devices usage, removable group was the orthodontic toothbrush and electric toothbrush group were highest in the 'unknown', the fixed group was orthodontic toothbrush(67.3%) and electric toothbrushes(40.8%) was higher in the usage. Patients who used oral hygiene devices such as orthodontic tooth brush, interdental brush, electric toothbrush, water pik and fern solution showed wider knowledge on oral health care and oral hygiene devices compared to patients who answered as does not aware of oral hygiene devices and never used these products before. Conclusions : Orthodontic patient's oral health attitudes, knowledge, and oral hygiene devices usage are the general characteristics of the highest in the orthodontic toothbrush usage, awareness was higher in the interdental brush. Water pik and fern solution, rubber and gingival interdental stimulator turned massage does not use or low. Based on results from research, overall orthodontic patients who visited a dental clinic had low awareness and usage of oral hygiene devices. Therefore, it is required to educate general publics and the orthodontic patients and also promote the importance of usage of oral hygiene devices.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.68-80
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• 1996

Long-term hemodialysis(HD) patients manifest various signs of protein and caloric malutrition due to poor intake of nutrients and other causes. Poor nutritional status increases the mortality and morbidity rates in HD patients. Thus, mataintnance of adequate nutritional status has been a major task in taking care of patients receiving HD. This study was to evaluate the nutritional status of HD patients and to clarify the degree of nutritional deficit based on usual dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical indicators. Sixty HD patients comprised a HD group, while the control group consisted of 60 healthy adults whose age and sex matched those of the HD group. Nutritional status was evaluated by dietrary intake using instant nutritional scale, anthropometric measures, serum protein concentrations and the number of lymphocytes. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and unpaired t-test. The results are as follows. 1. Regarding usual dietary intake of HD group. 1) Estimated caloric intake was significantly lower than the recommended daily allowance(RDA) and among them, 35% were taking calories less than 85% of the RDA. 2) Estimated protein intake was significantly higher than the RDA and among them 40% were taking protein more than 115% of the RDA. 3) Estimated fat intake was lower than the RDA. 4) Vitamin A, B, $B_1,\;B_2$, C and niacin in take was lower than the RDA respectively. 5) Estimated ferrous intake was within the normal limit the RDA while estimated calcium intake was higher than the RDA. 6) Both calorie and protein intake were higher for the 10 patients who had been under continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis than for the patients under HD from the beginning. 2. Regarding anthropometric measures : 1) Body mass index(BMI), midarm circumference(MAC), and triceps skinfold thickness(TSF) were lower in the HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 47.1% were within the normal limit of BMI, while 86.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, 35.0% were within the normal limit of MAC, while 83.3% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, only 8.3% were normal, 30.3% were mild deficit status of TSF, while 50% were normal and 48.3% were mild deficit status in the control group. 3. Regarding biochemical laboratory tests 1) Albumin, transferrin concentrations and the number of lymphocytes were lower in HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 98.3% were within the normal limit of albumin concentration and all were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, only 11.7% were within the normal limit of transferrin concentration, while 81.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, 25% were within the normal limit, while 93.3% were within the same limit in the control group. The above findings suggest that HD patients were in nutritional deficit status. Adequate diet therapy and periodical evaluation of the nutritional status in HD patients are needed. Accordingly, it turned out that anthropometric measures were very reliable parameters and easy to use to evaluate nutritional status. So nurses are encouraged to adopt anthropometric measures to examine nutritional deficit status of HD patients.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of proliferation factors, Ki67 and PCNA, as prognostic markers predicting the survival and neck metastasis in patients with oral cancer. Methods: 101 patients with HNSCCs, were followed retrospectively for a median period of 60 months(from 16 to 82 months). All tumors were resected surgically and examined by conventional light microscopy, immunohistochemistry. The age, sex, tumor location, clinical stage(size), metastasis, proliferative activity index(assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and Ki67 immunoreactivity) were considered as potential prognostic factors and were correlated with patient survival. Results: Ki67 staining results ranged from 5% to 80% of tumor cell nuclei, with a median of 25%. PCNA staining results ranged from 1% to 90% with a median of 50%. With a cut-off point of 25%, patients with lower Ki67 scores showed survival advantages over those with higher Ki67 scores (p=0.0089). With cut-off point of 50%, patients with lower PCNA scores showed survival advantages over those with higher PCNA scores (p=0.0104). Pathologically neck node positive patients(n=27) showed higher PCNA expression(p=0.02) than pathologically negative neck node patients(n=39). Conclusions: The lower expressions of Ki67 and PCNA were associated with favorable prognosis such as higher survival rate and lower neck node metastasis.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2021

Background and Objectives Vocal process granulomas (VPGs) are benign lesions of the larynx, typically contact granulomas (CG) and intubation granulomas (IG). The two diseases are known to have different clinical manifestations despite having the same pathological features. The purpose of this study was to analyze the treatment results for CG and IG and to obtain clinical information. Materials and Method We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with VPG between January 2015 and December 2018. The patient's age, sex, medical history, lesion size, lesion type, reflux finding score, response to treatment, duration of treatment, and follow-up period were compared. Results In total, 32 patients were included in the study, of which 18 were CG and 14 were IG. In the CG group, males were dominant (n=15, 83.3%), whereas in the IG group, females were dominant (n=11, 78.6%) (p=0.0009). The response to medical treatment using proton pump inhibitor and steroid inhaler was better in the IG group (11/14, 78.6%) than in the CG group (7/18, 38.9%) (p=0.036). Of the 14 patients who did not respond to medical treatment, 5 received botulium toxin injections, and all 5 had complete remission. The duration of medical treatment was significantly longer in the IG group (p=0.0029). Conclusion IG was more common in female, and CG was more dominant in male. IG had better response to medical treatment using proton pump inhibitor and steroid inhaler than CG.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2004

Purpose: To determine the clinical value of the Siewert classification for gastic-cancer patients in Korea, we evaluated and compared the clinicopathologic factors of type II and type III cancer. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 89 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for an adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) at the Department of Surgery, Hanyang University Hospital, between Jun. 1992 and Dec. 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: There were one patient with type I, 12 pateints with type II and 77 patients with type III. During the same period, 1,341 patients underwent surgery for a gastric carcinoma, so proportion of GEJ cancer being $6.6\%$. The median followup duration was 31 months (range: $2\∼135$ months), and the follow-up rate was $100\%$. Between type II and type III cancers, there were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic variables including age, sex, gross appearance, histologic type, depth of invasion, and pathologic stage. The longest diameter of the tumor was larger in type III ($6.1\pm2.1$ cm) than in type II ($3.9\pm1.1$ cm)(P=0.001). A total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy was done most frequently, while jejunal interposition was done in 3 cases of type II and 2 cases of type III. More than a D2 lymphadenectomy was done all cases. The numbers of dissected lymph nodes and metastatic lymph nodes in type II were 43.8 and 5.8 respectively, while they were 49.8 and 8.1 in type III, but the difference between the two groups were not statistically significant. The mean length of the proximal resection margin was $15\pm5$ mm in type II and $21\pm13$ mm in type III, but this difference was not statistically significanct. The time to recurrence after operation was 19.3 months in type II and 16.9 months in type III. The five-year survival rates of type II and III were $68.8\%\;and\;52.7\%$ respectively, but difference was not significant. Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the clinicopathologic variables, including survival rate, between type II and type III cancers in Korean patients According to these findings, it appears to be reasonable to classify type III cancer as a cardia cancer in a broad sense.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제81권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2018

Background: Roflumilast is the only approved oral phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients with chronic bronchitis and a history of frequent exacerbations. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of adverse effects associated with roflumilast treatment in a real-world setting. Further, we compared the incidence of adverse effects and the discontinuation rate among patients receiving different doses. Methods: We identified all outpatients diagnosed with COPD at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital between May 2011 and September 2016 and retrospectively reviewed their medical records. Roflumilast was prescribed to patients in doses of $500{\mu}g$ and $250{\mu}g$. Results: A total of 269 COPD patients were prescribed roflumilast in our hospital during the study period. Among them, 178 patients were treated with $500{\mu}g$ and 91 patients were treated with $250{\mu}g$. The incidence of adverse effects was 38.2% in the $500{\mu}g$ group and 25.3% in the $250{\mu}g$ group (p=0.034). The discontinuation rate of roflumilast was 41.6% (n=74) in the $500{\mu}g$ group and 23.1% (n=21) in the $250{\mu}g$ group (p=0.003). When adjusted by age, sex, smoking status, and lung function, $500{\mu}g$ dose was significantly associated with the discontinuation of roflumilast (odds ratio, 2.87; p<0.001). Conclusion: There was a lower incidence of adverse effects and discontinuation among patients treated with $250{\mu}g$ compared with $500{\mu}g$ dose. Further studies regarding the optimal dose of roflumilast are required.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7869-7873
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• 2014

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an antitumor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an inflammatory cytokine, are immunomodulatory products that play important roles in responses in cancers and inflammation. We tested the association between two polymorphisms of IL-12(1188A>C; rs3212227) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) and the risk of bladder cancer in 261 patients and 251 healthy individuals. We also investigated the possible association of these SNPs in patients with high-risk jobs and smoking habits with the incidence of bladder cancer. The genotype distributions of IL-6 (-174 C/G) genotype were similar between the cases and the control groups; however, among patients with smoking habits, the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism and incidence of bladder cancer was significant. After a control adjustment for age and sex, the following results were recorded: CC genotype (OR= 2.11, 95%CI=1.56-2.87, p=0.007), GC genotype (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.16-4.12, p=0.014) and GC+CC (OR=2.6, 95%CI=1.43-4.47, p=0.011). A significant risk of bladder cancer was observed for the heterozygous genotype (AC) of IL-12 (OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.01-2.14, p=0.045) in all cases, and among smokers (AC) (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.82-5.37, p=0.00014), combined AC+CC (OR=3.05, 95%CI=1.8-5.18, p=0.000015). Moreover among high risk job patients, there was more than a 3-fold increased risk of cancer in the carriers of IL-12 beta heterozygous (OR=3.7, 95%CI=2.04-6.57, p=0.000056) and combined AC+CC(OR=3.29, 95%CI=1.58-5.86, p=0.00002) genotypes as compared with the AA genotype with low-risk jobs. As a conclusion, this study suggests that IL-12(3'UTR A>C) and IL-6 (-174 C>G) genotypes are significantly associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in the Iranian population with smoking habits and/or performing high-risk jobs.

• 대한간호
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.25-35
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• 1990

It is a fact that there are recent increasing trends or incidence of the colorectal carcinoma among other colorectal diseases. In such trend, the early detection remain to be most important by the air contrast barium enema and total colonofiberscopy. There are several ways to prepare the colon for barium enema and colonofiberscopy which include several agents. The mechanical cleansing have been used most frequently since Brown's method was adapted to be most perfect for colon deansing. The ideal laxatives and enema solutions were limited to adequate dose, it's effectiveness, patient's diet and bowel habit, minimal side effect, low cost and simple to perform. In order to compare the effectiveness of various cleansing solutions, six experimental methods were formed as shown; 1. normal saline enema, 2. castor oil with normal saline enema, 3. castor oil with soap suds enema, 4. magnesium citrate with normal saline, 5. magnesium citrate with soap suds enema and 6. ingestion of Golyetly solution. The authors have compared and determined the degree of cleanness by an experienced endoscopist. The total number of patients was 247, age distribution was $43{\pm}15$ years old, and sex distribution was 133 males and 114 females. The grade I and II represented no difficulties at performing the colonofiberscopy, but grade ill and N had some difficulties, even unable to perform the colonofiberscopy. The effectiveness the cleansing agents, represented with grade I and II was 95.9% (47/49) in method 6, 93.2%(54/58) in method 2, 83.3%(30/33) in method 3, 70.0%(28/10) in method 5, 66.7%(16/24) in method i, and 45.7%(18/40) in method 4. Method 2 and 6 were the most effective in normal bowel habit patients. In constipated patients, method 6 was the most effective and all method except method 11 were effective in diarrhea patients. The degrees of less mucosal irritation by various bowel cleansing method were in the order of method 6(100%), 1(100%), 5(74%), 2(69%). In subjective symptoms and cleansing groups, abdominal distension, pain, nausea and vomiting were complained, and that's subject symptoms were in the order of method 3(88.9%), 6 (79.6%), 1(75%), 5(72.5%), 2(72.4%), 4(67.5%). In conclusion, we believe that the Golytely of the mechanical cleansing solution for colonofiberscopy was the most effective, but others depended on the patient's condition und bowel habit.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 2002

This study was done to determine the factors associated with childhood overweight in 721 sixth grade elementary school students, in Busan. The students' heights, weights, waist circumferences and triceps-skinfold thicknesses were measured using standard techniques. Other data were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, television watching, and the amount of exorcise taken during leisure times, family history of diseases related to obesity: social data including family income, parents'education and occupations, eating behaviors; parental weights and heights; and parental activity levels. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex. The prevalence of overweight revealed no significant difference between sexes, (24.2% in boys and 22.03% in girls). The risk of childhood overweight was significantly greater if either the mother or the father were overweight. The odds ratio for childhood overweight associated with maternal overweight was 5.045 (94% CI : 3.262-7.801), and 2.727 (95% CI : 1.764-4.218) was the case for parental overweight. Children having a history of hear diseases had higher odds ratios than those who did not. The odds ratios for overweight associated with income were not different. However, a higher odds ratio for overweight was observed in children whose fathers had only an elementary or middle school education than those whore fathers had a high school or college education. Children whose fathers' occupations were service workers or shopkeepers (OR : 3.314, 95% C = 1.851-5.934) or had no occupation (OR = 3.756, 95% CI : 1.898-7.430) had a treater risk of overweight than those whose fathers'were professionals or once workers. The risk of overweight increased in children having more irregular meal times and faster eating times, rather than those having an intake pattern of high energy and sugar containing floods. The amount of exercise taken during leisure times, and daily physical activity showed no difference between overweight and non-overweight children. However, television watching time, especially on weekends, was greater in overweight children than in non-overweight children. Television watching time was positively correlated with BMI, triceps-skin(31d thickness, waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Therefore, television watching was found to be a useful predictor of overweight in children. Television watching in children was negatively related to paternal activity levels, and positively related to parental television watching time. In fact, fathers whose children were overweight were physically less active than fathers whose children were non-overweight. Parents appeared to be a strong influence on their children's physical activity levels. In conclusion, a low family social class, defined on the basis of the father's occupation or education, parental overweight, increased television watching, and unhealthy physical activity levels in parents were all considered risk factors for childhood overweight. Among these, television watching time and lack of physical activity were considered to be the most important risk factors that could be easily modified for the prevention of and intervention in, overweight in children.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 1989

This study was aimed for bettering productivity and technical level of the dental 1 aboratory, and helping the dental technician's benefits and rights, and then endowing them some belonged atmospher and stability on their post by Improving job- satisfaction and maintaining the transferability of one's post at a proper limitation. Therefore, 320 dental technicians extracted randomly from all the technicians working at 494 dental laboratories were subjected for this study. The approach to the study was a way through some postal questionaires executed from March 29, 1988 until May 4, the same year, in which total 254 technicians answered, showing 79% resp"nserate. responserate. The data-analysis was done by a model of the dental technician's transferability from their post, as considering Mobley's(1978)-model of post-transferability, and results through the study are as follows : 1. Satisfaction at a given post showed that the married is better than the unmarried(<0.05), and the experienced is better than the inexperienced(P<0.01). 2. Age, sex, educational experience, and one's service-duration did not affect significantly to the respondent's satisfaction on their post, statistically. 3. Satisfaction at a given post differed in adccordance with given conditions of one's post, i. e.,it stowed high when the monthly payment was good(P<0.05), and when too much duty on their job was given, it was the worst as shown in an example of the next order, too much