• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 1976

Forty one samples from thirty three species of algae (19 from 15 species of Rhodophyceae, 18 from 14 species of Phaeophyceae, 3 from 3 species of Chlorophyceae, and 1 of marine Phanerogams) collected from several locations on the east, west and south coast of Korea, were analyzed for their contents of crude protein, fat, cellulose, ash, nitrogen free extract, amino nitrogen, and total amino acids. For the examination of extractability of algal protein with water, 4 species of algae, Sargassum thunberggi, Grateloupia filicina, Phyllospadix japonica, and Sargassum confusum, were analyzed. And the effect of some precipitation treatments for isolation of algal protein was also tested. As a matter of fact, Rhodophyceae showed high content in crude protein and low in crude fat while the case was opposite for Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Refering to the content of crude protein and total amino acids, the recommendable algae for protein sources were Sargassum thunbergii, Acrosorium flabellata, Phacelocarpus japonicus, Laurencia okamurai, Laurencia intermedia, Grateloupia filicina, Chondrus ocellatus, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gigartina tenella, Dictyota dichotoma, and Scytosiphon lomentaria. Methanol treatment appeared most effective in precipitation isolation of protein from water extracts whereas pH control method did not so beneficial. The precipitation rate of protein was particularity higher in the extract of Sargassum confusum ana the lowest was makted from the extract of Sargassum thunbergii.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.216-224
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• 2011

Capsosiphon fulvescens is well-known green sea algae that, in recent years, has been proposed as a potential anticancer drug. In this study, we found that C. fulvescens glycoprotein (Cf-GP) had pro-apoptotic effects on human gastric carcinoma cells. By SDS-PAGE, we confirmed that C. fulvescens extract contained a glycoprotein. Using H33342 staining, we found that the Cf-GP caused cell death in a does-dependent manner, while an MTS assay showed decreased cellular viability due to induction of apoptosis. To determine the effect of Cf-GP on apoptosis-related cellular events, cells were treated with Cf-GP and the expression of several apoptosis-related protein was determined by Western blotting. Our results indicate that Cf-GP activated both a caspase cascade and PARP, which is a substrate of caspase-3, caspase-8 and the Bcl-2 family proteins. In addition, we assessed caspase-3, and -8 activation and annexin V staining. Our results revealed a cell cycle arrest, itself leading to an increased percentage of sub-G1 cells. Our findings indicate that Cf-GP may be a source of bio-functional material with therapeutic effects on human gastrointestinal cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.413-423
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• 2013

Chlorophyll is an abundant pigment found in all green plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. This study uses methanol, acetone and water to extract spinach and mate powders in order to examine the possibility of dyeing animal fibers with chlorophyll without chemical alteration. It was shown that methanol extracts of spinach and mate powders can be effectively used to dye wool and silk fabrics if the extract is mixed with water by methanol:water 65:35 v/v. Compared to methanol extract, the acetone extract showed lower chlorophyll yield and lower dye uptake. Water was not an appropriate solvent for chlorophyll extraction and dyeing. Spinach powder showed a higher dye uptake than mate powder due to the higher chlorophyll content than mate powder. It is possible that the chlorophyll dyeing of wool and silk fabrics is due to the hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy amino acids in fiber and the carbonyl groups of chlorophyll. These carbonyl groups are on the heterocyclic ring and the methyl and ethyl side chains of chlorophyll.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.138-142
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• 2006

Soil cyanobacteria isolated from the rice paddy fields of 10 different locations across Korea were evaluated by agar plate diffusion test for antifungal activity. Aqueous, petroleum ether, and methanol extracts from one hundred and forty two cyanobacterial strains belonging to the 14 genera were examined for antifungal properties against seven phytopathogenic fungi causing diseases in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L). Of total cyanobacteria, nine cyanobacteria (6.34%) exhibited antifungal effects. The nine cyanobacteria selected with positive antifungal activities were two species of Oscillatoria, two of Anabaena, three of Nostoc, one of Nodularia, and one of Calothrix. Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea were inhibited by nine and eight species of cyanobacteria, respectively. Rhizopus stolonifer was suppressed by only methanol extract of Nostoc commune FK-103. In particular, Nostoc commune FK-103 and Oscillatoria tenuis FK-109 showed strong antifungal activities against Phytophthora capsici. Their antifungal activity at the late exponential growth phase is related to the growth temperature and not associated with the growth parameters such as cell biomass and $chlorophyll-{\alpha}$ concentration. The high inhibition levels of antibiotics were 22.5 and 31.8 mm for N. commune FK-103 and O. tenuis FK-109, respectively. The optimal temperature for antibiotic productivity was $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.489-494
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• 2010

The nutritional demand of oyster larva (Crassostrea gigas) were investigated to determine the optimal culture conditions and improve micro-algae utilization. Changes in nutrients and shell growth were examined in fed and 96-h (48 h in late umbone stage) oysters at four larval stages. Shell growth increased significantly in D shape larvae, regardless of feeding variations. No growth was observed in starved larvae, except in shell length of umbone (to 11.9 ${\mu}m$). Fed larvae showed significant growth in all development stages (P < 0.05). During starvation, lipids were most significantly decreased in all larval stages (by 76.8%, 68.3%, 76.3%, and 40.3%, respectively), followed by protein (41.1%, 31.1%, 33.1%, 16.7%) and nitrogen-free extracts (40.8%, 24.3%, 36.9%, 20.1%), Gross energy (kcal/g) consumption in each larval stage was 49.6%, 35.1%, 39.1%, and 20.4%, respectively. Our results indicate that lipids are the most important energy source during the early larval development stages of C. gigas.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2014

Cladosiphon okamuranus is edible brown algae cultured commercially and massively at Okinawa coast. Dietary fiber occupying most of C. okamuranus isn't digested and absorbed by digestive enzymes of human. But it is known to prevent and treat constipation as metabolic disease. This study was to investigate the effects of dietary fiber extracted from C. okamuranus on the damage of liver and the blood cholesterol level in the high fat diet-fed rats. The effects were measured by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in sera. The levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG and LDL were significantly reduced in the C. okamuranus-treated group compared with the high fat diet group. But HDL level was markedly increased. The results showed that the dietary fiber extracts from C. okamuranus have the inhibitive effects of cholesterol biosynthesis in the high fat diet-fed rats.

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2016

Five fractions separated from Nannochloropsis oculata using solvent-solvent partition chromatography of 80% methanolic extract of N. oculata (NOM) followed by the open silica column chromatography of its hexane fraction (NOMH) for the anti-inflammatory on RAW 264.7 cells and anti-cancer activities on HL-60, A-549, HEP-3B, HCT-116, and SW-480 cancer cells. All the five fractions showed potential anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells with IC₅₀ values less than 6.25 μg mL⁻¹. Moreover, 90% n-hexane column elution of NOMH (NOMH90) down-regulated lipopolysaccharide-stimulated protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, NOMH90 showed marked cytotoxic effect on the HL-60 cells with IC₅₀ value of 23.58 ± 0.09 μg mL⁻¹. In addition, Hoechst 33342 cell permeable dye used to visualize the apoptosis nucleus and cell cycle analysis measured Sub-G1 DNA contents to confirm reduction of the cell viability in NOMH90 treated cells due to induction of apoptosis in HL60. These results are quite related to the phytosterol contents of the NOMH fractions and the results suggest N. oculata extracts might be useful as potential sources of natural anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer compounds. In conclusion, the sterol content in N. oculata might provide a promising role in future medicines in anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1080-1086
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 해조류의 항돌연변이 및 항암 생리활성물질을 검색하여 발암물질 생성 방지 및 생체 방어 물질로서의 이용 가능성을 검토하고자 Ames test를 이용하여 직접돌연변이원인 MNNG와 간접돌연변이원인 $AFB_1$에 대한 항돌연변이 효과 및 암세포 증식 억제 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. $AFB_1$에 대해서 괭생이모자반(S. horneri)이 실험에 사용된 다른 해조류들 중에서 가장 높은 돌연변이 억제 효과를 보였다. 첨가농도 1.25mg/plate일 때, 괭생이모자반의 acetone+methylene chloride 추출물과 methanol 추출물은 각각 96%, 91%로 실험에 사용된 다른 해조류들의 추출물들 중에서 가장 높았으며 양성 대조군인 다시마의 용매 추출물보다도 높은 돌연변이 억제 효과를 보였다. $AFB_1$과 같은 농도인 0.6mg/plate의 농도의 MNNG를 사용하여 S. typhimurium TA100 균주에 대한 해조류의 항돌연변이성 실험을 한 결과, 간접 돌연변이원인 $AFB_1$에 비해 직접 돌연변이원인 MNNG에 대해서는 다소 항돌연변이 효과가 떨어지지만, 여기서도 실험에 사용된 해조류들의 돌연변이 억제 효과를 살펴볼 수 있었으며 acetone+methylene chloride 추출물의 경우가 methanol 추출물보다 다소 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 항돌연변이 실험에서 효과가 뛰어난 괭생이모자반과 짝잎모자반을 중심으로 인체 암세포(위암세포, AGS 및 결장암 세포, HT-29) 증식억제효과를 살펴본 결과, 용매 추출물을 0.5%, 1% 및 2%의 농도별로 암세포에 처리했을 때 acetone+methylene chloride 추출물과 methanol 추출물은 둘 다 가장 낮은 농도인 0.5%에서부터 농도 의존적으로 암세포 증식 억제 효과가 증가하였다. 이상의 7종의 갈조류 추출물들은 Ames test에서 높은 항돌연변이 효과를 나타냈을 뿐만 아니라 괭생이모자반 및 짝잎모자반은 인체 암세포에 대해서도 높은 증식 억제 효과를 나타냄을 살펴 볼 수가 있었다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1851-1858
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• 2010

Estrogen deficiency in peri- and postmenopausal women results in variety of neurovegetative, psychic and somatic symptoms, and may contribute to severe diseases within the aged female population. Ecklonia stolonifera (ES) is an edible brown algae traditionally used in fishery towns in Far East Asia. This study was performed to investigate the effects of ES extracts on blood flow and serum lipid concentration in ovariectomized rats. Weight-matched female Sprague-Dawley strain rats were assigned to four groups. Three groups were surgically ovariectomized (OVX). The fourth group was sham operated. Rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: sham-operated rats (Sham), ovariectomized control rats (OVX-CON), ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 50 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES50) and ovariectomized rats supplemented with ES extract at 200 mg/kg bw/day (OVX-ES200). Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride contents decreased in the sham group compared to the OVX-CON group. Six weeks feeding of ES extract resulted in a significant (p<0.05) lowering of serum triglyceride and a lowering tendency of total cholesterol level. The level of Hdl-cholesterol in serum increased by supplementation of ES extracts at 50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg bw/day (p<0.05). Blood passage time of the ES extracts-supplemented group was higher than the OVX-CON group. The ability of platelet aggregation of groups treated with ES extracts was less than that of the OVX-CON group. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of ES extract may be used to possibly improve on the metabolic syndrome of menopausal women.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.676-681
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• 2008

To obtain a natural antioxidant from a marine biomass, this study investigated the antioxidative activity of methanolic extracts from the marine brown alga, Ishige okamurae collected off Jeju Island. A potent free radical scavenging activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction containing polyphenolic compounds, and the potent antioxidant elucidated as a kind of phlorotannin, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol, by NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The free radical scavenging activities of the diphlorethohydroxycarmalol were investigated in relation to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), alkyl, and hydroxyl radicals using an electron spin resonance (ESR) system. The diphlorethohydroxycarmalol was found to scavenge DPPH ($IC_{50}=3.41{\mu}M$) and alkyl ($IC_{50}=4.92{\mu}M$) radicals more effectively than the commercial antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Therefore, these results present diphlorethohydroxycarmalol as a new phlorotannin with a potent antioxidative activity that could be useful in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceuticals.