• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 1975

The catch per unit effort and the migration of Alaska pollack Theragra chalcogramma were deduced from the catch data of 1, 208 hauls of a stern trawler operated on and around the continental shelf east of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kurile Islands from October 1974 to December 1975. Alaska pollack occupied more than ninety per cent of the total catch of approximately 17, 760 metric tons, while the cuttle and flat fishes occupied less than five percent. Beside those fishes, approximately 131 metric tons of Alaska pollack roe were produced during the voyage from February to April 1975. The mean catch per unit effort in each sub-area of fishing ground was approximately 15.5 metric tons and the peak of the CPUE occured in January and August. The CPUE in the continental shelf east of Kamchatka Peninsula ($50^{\circ}- 52^{\circ} N$ Lat) showed the maximum of 25-34 metric tons in August. The main fish school is thought to migrate southward speedily in August-September along the continental shelf from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the east of Kurile Islands. The CPUE on the continental shelf east of Kamchatka Peninsula was higher than that on the steeper continental slope. However, the CPUE on the steeper flank of the bank east of Paramushiru Island and Onekotan Island was remarkably higher than that on the relatively flat top of the bank. The small-sized fishes of less than thirty centimeter in fork length began to recruit in the fishing ground since August 1965.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 1993

어육연제품의 제조시 가열에 의한 gel화 및 물성을 연구하기 위하여 Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC)에 의한 열적성질을 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. DSC의 온도기록도에 의하면, 명태 연육은 4개의 열전이 온도($38^{\circ}C,\;49^{\circ}C,\;55^{\circ}C,\;77^{\circ}C$)를 나타내었으며, 식염의 첨가에 의해 모든 열전이 온도가 낮아졌다. 그러나 전분의 첨가에 의해서는 어육단백질 자체에는 전혀 영향이 없었고, 전분의 호화로 인한 새로운 peak가 생성되었다. 이는 어육단백질과 전분의 호화가 상호 독립적으로 진행된다는 사실을 뒷받침해 주는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.340-349
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• 2011

창난 젓갈의 숙성 과정 중 미생물 및 자기소화효소 작용을 조사하기 위해 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈과 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈을 시험 제조하여 각각 항생물질을 첨가한 것과 첨가하지 않은 것에 대한 생균수 및 화학성분의 경시적 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 창난 젓갈의 숙성 과정 중 일반성분의 변화는 거의 없었으며, 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈에 있어서 수분, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분 함량은 각각 76.31%, 14.66%, 0.87% 및 7.80%이었고, 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈의 경우, 수분, 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분 함량은 각각 66.10%, 12.75%, 0.56% 및 20.32%이었다. 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈의 경우, 제조 직후의 생균수는 $10^5$ CFU/g이었으며, 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것은 숙성 5일째 $10^7$ CFU/g으로 급격히 증가하였으나, 항생물질을 첨가한 것은 숙성 3일째까지 $10^4$ CFU/g으로 감소하였다가 숙성 5일 이후부터 $10^6$ CFU/g을 유지하였다. 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈의 경우, 제조 직후의 생균수는 $10^3$ CFU/g이었으나 항생물질을 첨가한 것이나 첨가하지 않은 것 모두 숙성 45일째까지 감소하여 균의 집락이 관찰되지 않았으며, 그 이후부터 다시 서서히 증가하기 시작하였다. 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈에 있어서 pH의 변화는 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것은 숙성 적정기인 5일 째에는 pH 6.35 정도를 나타내었으나 그 이후부터는 pH 7.0 이상으로 급격히 상승하였고, 항생물질을 첨가한 것은 숙성 과정 중 pH 6.45에서 6.35 정도로 거의 변화가 없었다. 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈에 있어서 pH 변화는 항생물질을 첨가한 것이나 첨가하지 않은 것이나 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으며, 숙성 적정기인 45일째까지는 서서히 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 그 이후에는 큰 변화가 없이 pH 6.05 정도로 유지되었다. 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈의 경우 제조 직후의 아미노태 질소 함량은 76.3 mg%이었으나, 적정 상태인 숙성 5일째에 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것은 283.5 mg%로, 항생물질을 첨가한 것은 208.0 mg%로 각각 증가하여 두 시료간의 차이는 75.5 mg/100 g으로 나타났다. 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈의 경우 제조 직후의 아미노태 질소 함량은 57.2 mg%이었으나, 숙성 60일째에 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것은 198.3 mg%로, 항생물질을 첨가한 것은 162.0 mg%로 각각 증가하여 두 시료간의 차이는 36.3 mg/100 g으로 나타났다. 7.5% 소금 첨가 저염 젓갈의 경우 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것은 숙성 7일째에 VBN 102.1 mg%, TMA-N 20.5 mg%로 부패하였으며, 항생물질을 첨가한 것은 숙성 21일이 경과하여도 VBN 60.0 mg%, TMA-N는 검출되지 않아 부패하지 않았다. 또한 20% 소금 첨가 고염 젓갈에 있어서도 항생물질을 첨가하지 않은 것이 VBN 37.2 mg%, TMA-N는 검출되지 않아 부패하지 않았다. 따라서 창난 젓갈의 숙성 과정 중 미생물의 생육이 크게 억제되는 조건인 고염젓갈이나 저온에서 숙성한 젓갈에 있어서는 숙성 시 자기소화효소만의 작용이 주로 관여하고 있으나, 실온에서 숙성한 저염 젓갈의 경우는 자기소화효소 이외에 미생물의 작용도 크게 기여하고 있으며, 자기소화효소는 젓갈의 숙성에 그리고 미생물의 작용은 젓갈의 부패와 변질에 각각 보다 크게 기여하고 있는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2009

The properties of surimi gel from Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus were evaluated with addition of various food additives and by heating under different conditions. The optimum heating conditions for get good textured surimi gel from Olive flounder was 40 minutes at $85^{\circ}C$. Optimum texture characteristics such as hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, gumminess and gel strength of olive flounder fish paste can be acquired by washing the paste 2 times and by adding sodium chloride (2.5%), sodium polyphosphate (0.3%) and starch (4%), respectively. Furthermore, we compared gel texture characteristics and strength of manufactured Olive flounder fish surimi with commercial Alaska pollack to determine their commercial applicability. Texture characteristics and gel strength of Olive flounder surimi were higher than those of the commercial Alaska pollack surimi. In addition, both lightness and whiteness were higher in surimi gel from Olive flounder than from the commercial Alaska pollack.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2005

This study investigated and compared chemical properties and biological activities of four commercial sikhae products (three flat-fish, Pleuronectes herzensteini, Sikhae: product A, B, C; one Alaska pollack, Theragra chalcogramma, Sikhae: product D) and Alaska pollack Sikhae (product E). Total acidity, amino nitrogen, salinity and pH in all products were in ranges of $0.47-1.93\;g\%$, $145.94-204.81\;mg\%$, $3.40-4.00\%$ and 4.38-5.55, respectively. All products showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus ceraus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, except for Salmonella typhimurium. Particularly the activities were more effective with gram positive bacteria than gram negative bacteria. Antioxidative $(EDA_{50};\;14.20\;mg/mL)$ and Fibrinolytic (0.95 plasmin unit/mL) activities of product E were much stronger than commercial Sikhae products (EDA50; 18.87-34.60 mg/mL and 0.69-0.85 plasmin unit/mL).

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.594-599
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• 2016

Infection with HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus), over time, develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The development of non-toxic and effective anti-HIV drugs is one of the most promising strategies for the treatment of AIDS. In this study, we investigated the anti-HIV-1 activity of gelatin hydrolysates from Alaska pollack skin. Gelatin hydrolysates were prepared using four enzymes (alcalase, flavourzyme, neutrase, and pronase E). Among these, the pronase E gelatin hydrolysate was found to inhibit HIV-1 infection in the human T cell-line MT4. It exhibited inhibitory activity on HIV-1_IIIB-induced cell lysis, reverse transcriptase activity, and viral p24 production at noncytotoxic concentrations. Moreover, it decreased the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in vitro. Because HIV infection-induced activation of MMP-2 can accelerate collagen resolution and collapse of the immune system, pronase E gelatin hydrolysate might prevent the activation of MMP-2 in cells, resulting in collagen stabilization and immune cell homeostasis consistent with anti-HIV activation. These results suggest that pronase E gelatin hydrolysate could potentially be incorporated into a novel therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS patients.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2006

Fish backbone, a major by-product in the fish processing industry, accounts for about 15% of whole fish weight. In this study, recovery of bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) backbone by-products using enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Finely ground fish backbones were hydrolyzed with two proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and protease) to obtain soluble calcium from the by-products. The pepsin digest had a higher degradation efficiency (88%) than protease. Four different concentrations of the fish backbone calcium (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) prepared by the pepsin digest were treated with $Na_2HPO_4$ at a concentration gradient (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15 and 20 mM) to evaluate their solubility, revealing that solubilities of the fish backbone calcium were superior to those of $CaCl_2$ at all the calcium and $Na_2HPO_4$ concentrations. Among the tested concentrations the highest solubility was found in the pepsin digest containing a calcium concentration of 1000 mg/L. Thus, hydrolyzing with pepsin is an effective mode of recovering bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack fish backbones.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.293-300
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• 2015

We sought to extend the shelf-life of Alaska pollack Theragra chalcogramma sikhae while maintaining quality. We compared the chemical, microbiological, and organoleptic characteristics of sikhae prepared under four different conditions. Control fish were fermented at ambient temperature ($21{\pm}2^{\circ}C$); other samples were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ after fermentation at ambient temperature for 36 h (A1), 60 h (A2), and 84 h (A3). Volatile basic nitrogen and amino-nitrogen levels, and total acidity increased with fermentation time in all samples, but the pH fell, attaining a relatively lower level in the control than in other samples. Over 90% of all viable cells were lactic acid-producing bacteria; this proportion did not change significantly during fermentation. In terms of texture, only hardness was affected by fermentation. The hardness of the control fell more rapidly than did that of the other samples. In terms of sensory evaluation (the acceptance test and quantitative descriptive analysis [QDA]), A2 was superior to other samples after fermentation for different times; A2 maintained limited salability (6 points on the relevant index) for up to 17 days of storage.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.26-30
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• 1978

노가리는 명태, Theragrachalcogramma(PALLAS)의 미성어라고 오래전부터 알려져 왔으며 우리나라 수산자원보호령의 미성어 보호대책 규정에 의해 종래에는 그 어획이 금지되어 있었다. 그러나 수산당국은 자원학적 견지에서 노가리를 어획하여도 무방하다는 해석을 내려 1974년부터 노가리에 대한 어획금지규정을 폐기하였으며 현재까지 어획을 허용하고 있다. 명태는 우리나라 국민의 중요한 식량원이며 동해안에서 비교적 산업적 가치가 높은 데도 불구하고 이 집단에 대한 자원생물학적 지견과 자원의 변동법칙은 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않으며 일부 어민들은 심지어 노가리는 명태의 미성어가 아니라고 주장하고 있는 것이 현상이다. 명태는 개체 또는 집단으로서 넓은 변이성을 가진 어종이라고 알려져 있지만, 현금과 같은 격렬한 어업 압력에 과연 얼마나 견딜 수 있는가를 규명하는 일이 요청되고 있다. 본고에서는 노가리와 명태에 대해 몇가지의 형태학적 집단표징을 관찰하여 검토한 결과를 보고한다.

• 기술사
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.104-118
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• 1999

Alaska Pollack (Theragramma), Mackerel (Socomber japonicus), yellow corvenia (Pseudosc iance manchurica) were dressed, and then meat was separated from the other parts through a fish meat separator. After dehydration, the meat was ground with a silent cutter, packaged in polyethylene bags, and stored at -15。C for days. Samples were taken at regular intervals throughout the storage period and investigated for changes in puality characteristics such as the amounts of nitrogenous compounds, degree of lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition, and organoleptic factors. The resrlts obtained in this study were as follows; 1. The volatile basic nitrogen[VBN] contents of Alaska pollack, and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased from 14.4, 11.2 and 10.8mg% to 41.6, 38.3 and 40.6mg%, respectively during a 120 day storage period, whereas the trimethylamine oxide nitrogen [TMAO-N] contents decreased from 117.2, 12.8 and 17.2mg% to 40.3, 2.6 and 7.1mg% during the same period. 2. The TBA value of the mackerel meat paste showed a maximum peak after 60 days, and then decreased gradually, whereas the TBAvalues of the alaska pollack and yellow corvenia meat pastes increased steadily during the same period. The acid values of the meat pastes increased during the storage period, while the iodine values decreased. 3. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the meat pastes changed considerably during ghe 120 days storage period : saturated fatty acids in the total lipid such as myristic, palmitic, and stearic acid increased, while unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic, gadoleic, eicosapentaenoic, erucic and docosahexaenoic acid decreased steadily. The initial percentage contents of the unsaturated fatty acids in the total lipid of the Alaska pollack, mackerel, and yellow corvenia meat pastes were 87.2%, 63.9%, and 75.9% respectively. However, the contents decreased to 46.0%, 42.5% and 51.3% after the 120day storage period. 4. The color of the meat pastes changde gradually into dark brown. L values of the meat paste measured with a thistimulus colorimeter decreased steadily during the storage period, while a and b values increased during same period. 5. Judging from the results of organoleptic evaluation on the fish odor, color and overall acceptability, significant difference were found between the odor and color of the mackerel and those of the yellow corvenia meat pastes. Overall acceptability score of yellow corvenia was higher than that of Alaska pollack or mackerel meat pastes.