• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-42
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• 1983

The purposes of this paper is to introduce a technique for construction of nuptiality tables using proportion single of synthetic cohorts between times at two consecutive censuses, and to observe patterns of change in marriage habit of Korean through the nuptiality tables for single population from 1925 to 1980. In this paper abridged gross and net nuptiality tables for single population of Korea have been constructed for the four quinquinial period: 1925-1930, 1955-1960, 1970-1975, and 1975-1980. Significant time trend has been observed in the nuptiality rates among the single population. The major findings observed in each table are as follows; (1)During 1925-1930, the rates are initially small, but increase rapidly until they reach a maximum at ages 25-29 for bachelors and 20-24 for spinsters, following which they are still in high level. (2)During 1955-1960, the age pattern of nuptiality begins to change; for female population, the rates increase rapidly in the same pattern as in l925-l930 untill they reach the highest level at ages 25-29, after which they gradually decline. During the period, however, there were an unprecedented high level of marriage rates for male population at a relatively later ages. (3)During 1970-1975, Korea had experienced a transition in marriage habits; at this times, nuptiality rates for both sexes showed the same pyramid shaped patterns as in western countries as age increases. The mean ages at marriage for both sexes also reached the highest level of 27.5 years for males and 24.1 years for females. (4)During 1975-1980, the age patterns of nuptiality showed almost the same patterns as in 1970-1975. In the later age group, however, age-specific marriage rates for both sexes greatly declined compared to the level of 1970-1975, while the rate in age group of 20-24 for male population greatly increased.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2009

This paper uses a survey data to analyze the age-specific fertility rates, age-specific cumulative fertility rates, and ages of marriage of the five birth cohorts of Korean women born in the 1940s and thereafter. It was found that later cohorts reach their highest age-specific fertility rate at higher ages than earlier cohorts. The age-specific cumulative fertility rates of the 1950s and 1960 cohorts were found to be much lower than those of the immediately preceding cohorts, while those of the 1970s and 1980s cohorts were not different from those of the 1960s cohorts. Women belonging to later cohorts were found to get married at relatively higher ages. The estimation results of the hazard model show that women belonging to later cohorts and those with more schooling have a tendency to get married at higher ages. The effect of the birth cohorts is thought to be due to the economic, social, and cultural changes in Korea during the late 50 years or so. The time interval between a woman‘s marriage and first birth was found not to be affected by either the year of marriage or that of her birth. Also, those who remained employed for some time around their marriage and those with low schooling were found to have a lower first child birth hazard, which implies that married women’s employment status and family income play an important role in their decisions on childbirth.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-50
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• 2009

Using the Korean labor and Income Panel Study, this study examines the impact of educational attainment on first marriage formation in Korea. In particular, this study examines whether higher education is associated primarily with delayed marriage or with a higher likelihood of never marrying. The results show that the trend toward later and less marriage is occurring at all levels of educational attainment in Korea. The data also indicated that educational attainment showed differential effects on the risk of first marriage formation for Korean men and women. For those born before 1970, both highly educated men and women delayed marriage but caught up by marrying at higher rates at later ages. However, for those born after 1970, highly educated women were increasingly more likely to show the trend toward later and less marriage, while highly educated men were more likely to delay marriage but caught up by marrying at higher rates at later ages. Overall the evidence in this study is consistent with the argument that gender divisions make it difficult for women to balance work and family in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 1973

This study is designed to meet the following objectives: (1) To study attitude and behavior regarding marriage and age at marriage, (2) To learn correlates of age at marriage and to examine their relations, (3) To measure relative importance of the correlates of age at marriage, and (4) To study relations of age at marriage and family planning practice to fertility and their relative importance as correlates of fertility. The data are obtained by an independent cross-sectional survey in three study areas purposively selected to represent metropolitan. semihuman. rural population. The study population is confined to women age 17-50 as of survey. The overall response rate is 90%. Reliability of data is measured by . individual and aggregate inconsistency based upon a 15% subsample of the original interviews. The individual inconsistency (31%) is found to be high compared to the aggregate inconsistency (6%) for all 85 variables. However, the magnitude of differences between means is small, and the mean absolute shifts and proportional shifts are also small on the whole. In a word respondents did not change their answers too extremely or radically. The study populations of each study area are compared on some basic characteristics. It is found that the three study populations have more dissimilarities than similarities. The findings on seven different attitudinal positions of women toward marriage indicate that there have been tremendous changes in all study areas Iron "traditional" attitudes which have been prevalent for a long time in Korean society to "liberalized" or "modernized" attitudes. An apparent tendency is that women generally take a position of a "golden mean" attitude by not preferring either extreme of marriage attitudes. Nevertheless, the young, single, educated, and urbanite appears more "liberalized. " There has been some increase in ideal age at marriage from 1958 to 1970 for both sexes. No age group, marital status, or study area differentials in ideal age at marriage are found, the average ideal age at marriage in every sub-group being 24-25. Awareness of existing legal marriageable ages is low; only 4.4% are aware that "with parental permission: minimum age for males is 18 years and for females 16 years,"and only 3.7% are aware that "without parental permission: 27 years for males and 23 years for females." People in Korra tend to marry spouses who are in various social ways like themselves: the similarities include (a) education, occupational status of father, (c) economic status, (d) usual residence before marriage, and (e) religion. Both singulars and actual mean ages at marriage in this study confirm the trend of rising age at marriage previously established by other independent studies. The urban-rural differential in age at marriage is observed, but the differential narrows down gradually from 1935 to 1970. All socio-economic, demographic, and other variables pertaining to wife before and at first marriage, excluding (a) religion, (b) father′s of occupation, and (c) as: of menarche, are correlated with respondent's age at first marriage, whereas only three variables out of all socio-economic variables relating to husband before and at wife′s first marriage, viz., (a) education, (b) usual residence, and (c) economic level of his old home, are correlated with respondent′s age at marriage. Among socio-economic and modernity variables related to either husband or wife at the time of survey, only education and duration of residence are correlated with wife′s age at first marriage. Among the correlates of respondent′age at first marriage, education is in general the most important variable. However, it is found that wife′s education is more important than husband′s. The combined effects or the correlates studied explain no more than about 40% of variance for any of the selected groups of variables. Points which might counteract the effects of late marriage on fertility are not serious in Korea. For each of the correlates of the three fertility indices chosen for this study. namely, (a) number of living children, (b) number of live births, and (c) number of pregnancies, age at marriage is the major contributor to the variance in all age groups except the age group of 20-29 in which the index of family planning practice is the major contributor. The proportion of variability in fertility indices accounted for by the correlates is never more than 40% of the total variance in any age group. Based upon the findings from this study, it could be concluded that in the foreseeable future (a) celibate group will no! be increased to a point that would slow down population growth rate in Korea, (b) age at marriage will not increase continually, (c) although education stands out as the major contributing variable which independently explains the variation in age at marriage, it seems probable that education may not be the major variable in the near future, and (d) despite the fact found by this study that age at marriages has been the major contributor to the variance of each of the fertility indices used, family planning practice will play a more important role in the reduction of fertility in the Korean society. Therefore, factors interrupting practice of family planning must be eliminated and family planning program should be strengthened if further fertility reduction is needed.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-42
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the married middle-aged married men and women describe their own gender-role attitude, mid-life crisis and psychological adjustment, including search components as both middle-aged men and women's income, and education with occupation. Psychological adjustment was composed of mid-life crisis, depression, and perceived happiness, These data were collected from 397 married, middle aged men and women from 40 years to 59 years-old by using self-administered questionnaire method, The summarized results of the study are as follows: First of all, the middle-aged men's gender-role attitudes were more traditional gender-role attitudes 'than of women's. Second, in general characteristic, the men were different according to education, However, the women's gender-role attitudes were different according to ages, a period of marriage, education, income, and occupation. Third, in psychological adjustment, the men had significant differences in income. And, the women had significant differences in ages, a period of marriage, education, income, and occupation. Finally, the men and women's gender-role attitudes were positively correlated with mid-life crisis and depression, and were negatively correlated with happiness. And, the women's gender-role attitudes were positively correlated with psychological adjustment.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.223-236
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• 1997

One faces four major developmental tasks to achieve in young adulthood, ages between 20 and 40 : intimacy, vocation, marriage and child-rearing. Intimacy is the capacity to commit oneself to concrete affiliations and partnerships and to develop the ethical strength to abide by such commitments, even though they call for significant sacrifices and compromises. Through vocation and marriage young adults become united to networks of persons, find tasks that demand involvement, and gain roles into which they fit and are fitted and which help define their identities. An occupation represents much more than a set of skills and functions : it means a way of life. The extent of vocational choice increases with educational level, and the unconscious factors are frequency the decisive element. The vocational choice stare with fantasy choices in childhood, passes through tentative choices in adolescence, realistic choices in college days, and crystallized choices in post-college days, and finally ends up to the choice of specification. Along with the hazards and the need for realignment of personality functioning, the marriage brings with it new opportunities for self-fulfillment and completion. Motives other than a romantic love gain more importance in the decision to marry and in the choice of a partner. The impulsions to marry are sexual gratification, the desire to propagate, narcissistic gratification, and a need of interdependence. Many factors such as oedipal wishes, sexuality and sexual attractions, socio-economic classes, and geography involve in selection of marriage partner. There are also various motivations to marry a romantic love, the desire for a home of one's own, sexual attractions, the wish for security and a shelter, and the wish for children. The hostile marriage, the marriage on the rebound, the marriage rooted in rescue fantasies, and sado-masochistic marriage are the examples of pathological marriages. A successful marriage will usually both Lead to and require a marked reorganization of the personality structure of each partner that will influence the lurker personality development of each. Many marital problems are largely dependent upon the personality characteristics of one partner which might well create difficulties no manor who was the spouse.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.31-51
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• 2010

This study investigates changes in family values (attitudes toward marriage, children, and traditional sex roles) and examines how the values influence on their intentions of marriage and expected age at first marriage. A sample consists of 5,984 never married men and women drawn from the 2005 and 2009 National Marriage and Fertility Study. The results show that the endorsement on marriage and children has decreased while endorsement on traditional sex role attitude has increased over the past five years. Those who have higher values on marriage, children, and traditional sex role have a higher likelihood of marriage intention. However, the effects of the family values on marriage intention have weakened during the period. The endorsement on marriage lowers the mean ages of the expected first marriage. Comparing the effects of the family values during the period, this study find that normative aspects of the family values have lower effects, whereas individual aspects of the values have stronger effects over time. These findings suggest that the effects of family values vary across sex, time, and the aspect of the values.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-101
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• 2010

One of the reasons for low fertility rate in Korea is related to the delayed marriage among the population belong to marriage cohorts. The major goal of this study is to analyze how the economic resources such as level of education, whether employed or not, and occupation have affected one's marriage opportunity and how it is differed by gender. Meanwhile, the changes in the influence of economic resources and the changes in the marriage norms were also studied by analyzing 2% Census data in 1995, 2000 and 2005. Total number of 1.1 million men and women in their ages between 20 to 44 are included in data and binary-logistic analysis is used for statistical research. This study supports a traditional hypothesis that the influence of economic resources on probability of marriage is different by gender. More important academic contribution of this study is the quality of economic resources is becoming more important for men since Asian economic crisis and that the negative effect of it on women is declining since 2000. It is analyzed that the effect of marriage norm has recently decreased on the part of women. These findings suggest that there is a tendency of polarization of marriage market in Korea affected by economic polarization since Asian economic crisis.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.77-98
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• 2016

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore perceived meanings of dating and marriage among well-educated Korean couples who were in optimal marriageable ages. Particularly, an emphasis was placed on finding out where the traditional gender norms and post-modern contexts intersect on the couples' course of dating and marriage. Method: We undertook a qualitative analysis of 8 couples (age: 26-34) dating. Participants were limited to university graduates of upper-middle rank universities in Seoul, South Korea. The rationale for choosing such sample was based on the idea that characteristics of class is inherent in the act of dating and marriage, and that such characteristics lead to different contextual experiences in dating and marriage. This study was based on interviews conducted over a three-month time span. The interviews were first transcribed into research text and then subjects and key categories were drawn from the transcripts for analysis. Results: Participants sought meanings of joy, learning, and self-improvement in dating, and they were free from traditional gender norms in their romantic relationships. They viewed marriage as having a permanent companionship with their partner, becoming independent from their parents, and/or a social norm to be followed. Participants reported mixed perceptions about marriage in such fashion that they described their parents' relationship in terms of a gendered leader-supporter relationship, while viewing their own relationship as being genderless partners. In transition to parenthood, however, they regressed to traditional gender norms dichotomized as women being a homemaker and men being a breadwinner. In sum, participants displayed expectations that were inconsistent with regard to dating and marriage over the study period. That is, during the course of dating and early marriage, they did not hold separated gender norms; however, when transitioning from being a newly married couple to giving their first childbirth, expectations shifted to traditional gender norms and values. Conclusion: This suggests that it is not marriage, but the experience of childbirth and motherhood, which strengthen traditional gendered norms, engendering regeneration of the gender norms in families. The results indicate that there is a need to promote co-parenting behavior among the newly-married couples and to educate gender equality about parent roles or for parents in South Korea so that they can overcome traditional gendered norms in family.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

This study was intended to identify path structures through pathway analysis with an emphasis on the cognitive elements that influence the acculturative stress of marriage-based immigrant women. The results of the study were designed to establish a foundation for practical measures and policies to support marriage-based immigrant women to adjust their lives in the culture. This study has established research model on the path structure according to the psychological stress theory as to how social support, coping strategy, and acculturative attitude recognized as a cognitive element of marriage-based immigrant women on the acculturative stress and implement practical verification. In addition, control variables for the use of ages, education level, period of marriage, and income level of socio-demographic variables were analyzed. To obtain data for the study, convenience sampling and snowball sampling of marriage-based immigrant women that resided in the area of C and J were conducted simultaneously through surveys and applied to the analysis of 204 cases. Analysis of the path structure of influence of social support, coping strategies, and acculturative attitudes that were perceived as a cognitive element of marriage-based immigrant women influencing acculturative stress revealed that these factors were specifically weighted towards acculturative. Moreover, comprehensive acculturative attitude was identified as a crucial variable reducing the effects of acculturative stress during the acculturative procedures of marriage-based immigrant women. This assumes that establishing and performing policies supporting co-existence of homeland cultures of marriage-based immigrant women and Korean cultures might be an efficient action for dealing with acculturative stress rather than forcing them to adjust to Korean culture.