• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제19권8호
• /
• pp.1179-1189
• /
• 2006

This experiment was designed to examine the effects of supplemental vitamin D on laying performance, metabolic profile and egg quality of hens fed diets containing different fat sources and levels. Lohman strains (n = 480) were assigned to one of 10 diets: basal diet (BD), BD plus 2.5 and 5.0% sunflower oil (SO) or tallow (T) at vitamin D provided $1{\times}$ and $3{\times}$ of the current recommendation. The experiment lasted from week 30 to 44 of age. Each diet was tested in 12 replicate cages of 4 hens. Production, metabolism, and egg quality data were subjected to three-way ANOVA. Both fats decreased feed intake (FI) as compared to BD. Increasing SO and T levels linearly decreased and quadratically increased FI, respectively. The dietary factors did not affect egg production (EP) and egg weight. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased EP when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. However, increasing T level improved FCE, whereas increasing SO level worsened FCR. Vitamin D supplementation increased serum vitamin D and glucose concentrations. Vitamin D supplementation also caused a decrease and an increase in serum vitamin D concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. Serum glucose concentration for hens fed SO was lower than hens fed T. Increasing fat level linearly increased serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations, regardless of the fat type. Increasing SO level linearly decreased serum cholesterol concentration. Vitamin D supplementation did not alter lipid metabolites. The dietary factors did not affect serum total protein, Ca, and P concentrations. As compared with BD, feeding SO decreased dry tibia and ash weights more than feeding T. Vitamin D supplementation tended to increase dry tibia weight and decrease tibia ash weight. Eggshell strength and thickness, yolk and albumen indexes, and Haugh unit were not responsive to the dietary factors. Eggshell strength quadratically increased with increasing T level. Yolk color for hens fed SO was lower than for hens fed T. The dietary factors did not affect most of yolk fatty acids. Increasing SO level quadratically decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration. Vitamin D supplementation increased and decreased yolk $C_{18:2}$ concentration when diets contained SO and T, respectively. In conclusion, increasing fat level improved laying performance without altering metabolic profile and egg quality. Vitamin D supplementation had minor alteration effects on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in response to fat feeding.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권9호
• /
• pp.1310-1319
• /
• 2005

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cage density (CD) and humate supplementation (HS) on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality during the peak production period in hens. Lohman layers (n = 180, 46 wks of age) were blocked according to the location of cages and then allocated randomly to two levels of CD (4 or 6 hens per cage or 540 vs. 360 $cm^2$/hen) and three levels of HS (0, 0.15, and 0.30%). Egg production (EP) and feed consumption (FC) were measured daily; egg weight was measured bi-weekly; and BW was measured before and after the experiment. Blood and additional egg samples were obtained at the end of the experiment for determination of metabolic profile and egg quality. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA as repeated measures. Except for FC, CD did not affect laying performance parameters. Hens placed in high-density cages had lower FC than hens placed in normal-density cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased FC, EP, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). There was a CD by HS interaction effect on FC and EP. Hens placed in high-density cages had greater serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P concentrations and tended to have greater serum corticosterone concentration than hens placed in normaldensity cages. Increasing HS level linearly increased serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatine, and Ca concentrations and linearly decreased serum triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein concentrations. There was a CD by HS interaction effect on serum glucose and albumin concentrations. There were no alterations in egg quality parameters in response to increasing CD. Albumen index and Haugh unit decreased linearly and other egg quality parameters did not change as HS level increased. In conclusion, increased caging density adversely affected metabolic profile, despite insignificantly deteriorating laying performance. Moreover, benefits from humate supplementation seem to be more noteworthy for hens housed in stressing conditions than for hens housed in standard conditions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제55권2호
• /
• pp.115-122
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation and palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion (5%) on laying performance, egg quality and nutrient utilizability of laying hens with 73 weeks of age. A total of 240 Lohmann brown laying hens with average 77.5% egg production were randomly allocated with 60 hens per treatment, 4 replicates per treatment and 15 hens per replicate. Experimental design was a completely randomized design with $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, with the factors being (1) two levels of PKM (0 vs. 5%) and (2) with or without dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase (480 IU/kg of diet CTCzyme$^{(R)}$) supplementation. All hens were housed in cages ($35cmW{\times}35cmD{\times}40cmH$) with 2 hens per cage for six weeks feeding trial. Laying performance was recorded daily during feeding trial. Egg quality, nutrients utilizability and blood assays were done at the end of feeding trial. Egg production was improved (P<0.05) by both dietary PKM inclusion and ${\beta}$-mannanase combined supplementation. Either ${\beta}$-mannanase or PKM did not affect feed intakes and feed conversion ratio of all diets. Egg weight of hens fed diet containing 5% of PKM had heavier (P<0.05) eggs compared with hens fed without PKM. Albumen height was improved (P<0.05) by dietary mannanase supplementation. Crude fat utilization of 5% PKM diet was higher than that of no PKM diet regardless of ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation. Both DM and total carbohydrate utilization were decreased (P<0.05) in hens fed 5% PKM diet. Serum IgG and yolk IgY contents of PKM groups were lower (P<0.05) than those of no PKM groups. This result showed that 5% PKM diet, independent of dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation, was able to improve egg production. In addition, dietary ${\beta}$-mannanase supplementation could be used for improving the albumen height of eggs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제62권4호
• /
• pp.521-532
• /
• 2020

The production performance of broiler breeder hens in response to different levels of total lysine during the early laying period was investigated. A total of 126 Ross 308 parent stock hens were offered one of seven dietary treatments formulating elevated contents of total lysine ranging from 0.55% to 0.79% (0.04 scale; 133 g of feed) from 23 to 29 weeks of age. Each treatment had six replicates with three birds per pen. Body weight was recorded triweekly and eggs were collected and weighted at 9:00 am daily. One hen from each pen was euthanized to collect blood samples and visceral organs were harvested and weighed. Egg production, egg weight and egg mass were lower (p < 0.05) in hens offered a diet containing 0.55% total lysine compared to those fed the diet containing higher total lysine. Hens offered a diet containing 0.71%, 0.75%, and 0.79% total lysine had greater (p = 0.008) egg production rate compared to those offered a diet containing lysine less than 0.71%. The number of total eggs produced tended to be greater (p = 0.083) in hens offered a diet containing 0.71 and 0.75% total lysine compared to the other treatments. The number of settable egg production was higher (p < 0.001) in hens offered a diet contacting 0.79% total lysine compared to those fed the diet containing lower levels of total lysine. The relative weights of oviduct and ovary were lower (p < 0.05) in hens offered a diet containing 0.59% total lysine compared to the other treatments. No difference found in body weight, the number of total eggs, double-yolk eggs and abnormal shell eggs among the treatments. The urea nitrogen, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone in plasma were not affected by treatments. Based on linear- and quadratic-plateau models, total lysine requirements for egg production, settable egg production and egg mass at the early laying period were to be 0.73%, 0.77%, and 0.71%, respectively. Modern broiler breeder hens likely require higher total lysine than NRC recommendation in a diet for enhancing productivity during the early-laying period.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 1993

Acute and chronic effects of ethanol (EOH) administration on the cardiovascular and hormonal responses to repeated hemorrhage were investigated in conscious normotensive Wistar rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The chronic EOH treated group received 5% EOH (vol/vol) ad libitum in the drinking water far the first week,10% for the last 2 weeks, and 20% for the last 5 weeks from the age of 6 weeks. The EOH free group received tap water. Chronic EOH and EOH free groups were randomly subdivided into acute EOH infusion and control groups. Under ether anesthesia, catheters were inserted into the femoral vein and both femoral arteries. After rats regained consciousness and their blood pressure was stabilized, responses to quick hemorrhage (5 ml/kg BW) were tested. In the acute EOH infusion group, hemorrhage was induced 20 min after EOH infusion (1.0 g/kg BW), Baroreceptor reflex sensitivity was assessed by the ratio of changes in hen.1 rate and mean arterial pressure (${\Delta}HR/{\Delta}MAP$) immediately after the hemorrhage. Chronic EOH administration elevated MAP in Wistar rats. During acute EOH infusion, MAP do- creased and HR increased in all groups. In comparison to EOH free control rats, acute or chronic EOH treated rats showed a greater reduction in MAP and a smaller elevation in heart rate in response to a hemorrhage. The degree of MAP reduction was significantly greater in SHR than in Wistar rats. Both the acute and chronic EOH administration attenuated the baroreceptor reflex and retarded MAP recovery, again the trend being much more prominent in SHR. The increase in plasma vasopressin and lenin concentrations after hemorrhage were intensified by the chronic EOH administration. SHR showed a greater vasopressin response but a smaller lenin response than Wistar rats. These results indicate that the EOH treated rats, particularly SHB, are prone to shock by a hemorrhage, which may be partly attributed to an impaired baroreceptor reflex function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제27권8호
• /
• pp.1196-1203
• /
• 2014

This study intended to compare the productive performance of three different layer raising systems; conventional cage (CC), barn (BR) and aviary (AV). The AV is welfare bestowed housing that allows free locomotion for birds within the BR. The BR allows bird's free locomotion inside BR but without multilevel structures. Both pullets and cockerels were housed together in both AV and BR, but only pullets in CC. Seventeen weeks old Lohmann Brown Lite (n = 800) pullets were housed in AV during this study. The same age layer pullets were simultaneously assigned to either at CC or BR to compare egg production performance with AV. The duration of experiment was 40 weeks (from 21st to 60th week). There were no remarkable differences in egg production, hen day egg production (HDEP) and average egg weight among three rearing systems. First 20 weeks (phase-1) average HDEP (%) of AV, CC, and BR were 85.9, 88.8, 87.1 and average egg weights (g) were 57.5, 59.9, and 56.9 respectively. Those of the remaining 20 weeks (phase-2) were 87.1, 87.9, 85.5 and 64.2, 63.0 62.1, respectively. Daily feed intakes (122 g, 110 g, 125 g); feed conversion ratio (2.4, 2.1, 2.5) and daily egg mass (53.9 g, 54.4 g, 52.8 g) data from AV, CC, and BR were not influenced significantly by the respective raising systems. Daily feed intake of layers in both AV (124 g) and BR (127 g) tended to be higher than that in CC (113 g) during phase-2. Overall, exterior egg quality (dirty and cracked eggs) in both phases was superior in BR compared with AV and CC, whereas CC generated intermediate results. This study indicated that the HDEP per se in AV and BR were not significantly different from that in CC. The study implied that the facility depreciation cost for AV and cost for increased feed intake in AV compared to CC are believed to be critical to evaluate the cost effectiveness of egg production in AV.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.609-616
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary low grade soybean, fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (FSB 1) or Bacillus subtilis var. natto (FSB 2), on egg production and quality, fat and cholesterol content, and the fatty acid (FA) profile of eggs by lipid layer. A total of 18 Hi-Line strain layers, 22 wk of age, were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: no fermented soybean (control), control with 15% FSB 1 (C + FSB 1), and control with 15% FSB 2 (C + FSB 2). The rate of egg production and egg weight were evaluated between two periods: one was from the 1st to 4th wk and the other was from the 5th to 8th wk. At the 8th wk, a total of 30 eggs were randomly selected from each treatment group and analyzed for physical quality, fat content, fatty acid composition and cholesterol content. The results showed that egg production was increased in hens fed with diets containing fermented soybeans from the 5th to 8th wk period (p<0.01). A similar tendency was observed through eight weeks' cumulative egg production (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in egg production between the C + FSB 1 and C + FSB 2 treatment groups (p>0.05). Egg weight and other physical properties did not vary between treatment groups (p>0.05). Egg yolks among different treatment groups were similar in fat content, but egg yolks in the C + FSB 1 and C + FSB 2 groups had lower oleic acid (p<0.05), higher linoleic, ${\alpha}$-linolenic, and arachidonic acids (p<0.01), and lower cholesterol content (p<0.05) than those in the control group. In conclusion, supplementation of fermented low grade soybeans might be useful as a functional feedstuff to improve egg production and quality for a healthy human diet.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.77-86
• /
• 2019

본 연구는 겨울철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들과 여름철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들 간의 열 스트레스 반응 정도와 생산능력을 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 공시계로는 겨울철에 발생된 한국토종종계 초생추 1,156수와 여름철에 발생된 초생추 934수로 총 2,090수를 분석 대상으로 하였다. 스트레스 반응정도와 생산능력을 비교하기 위하여 텔로미어의 함량과 heat shock proteins(HSPs)의 유전자 발현율을 분석하고, 생존율, 산란율 및 체중을 조사하였다. 분석 결과, HSP-70, $HSP-90{\alpha}$ 및 $HSP-90{\beta}$ 유전자 발현율은 겨울철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들이 여름철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들에 비하여 모두 유의하게 높은 발현값을 나타내었다. 텔로미어 함량은 겨울철과 여름철에 발생한 닭들 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 생존율에서는 여름철 발생하여 육성된 닭들이 겨울철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들에 비해 유의하게 높았고, 산란율 및 난중 또한 여름철 발생 계군이 높게 나타났다. 반면, 초산일령은 겨울철 발생 계군이 여름철 발생 계군에 비해 빨랐다. 체중에 있어서 24주까지는 겨울철 발생 계군이 여름철 발생 계군에 비해 높았으나, 28주 이후부터 발생 계군 간 역전된 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로 여름철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들이 겨울철에 발생하여 육성된 닭들에 비해 열 스트레스에 대한 저항성이 높고 생산성이 우수함을 보였다. 이는 발생 및 육성 초기에 고온에 노출된 닭들이 상대적으로 높은 열적응성을 습득한 결과로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권9호
• /
• pp.1407-1413
• /
• 2019

Objective: This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of different sources and inclusion levels of dietary fat on productive performance and egg quality in laying hens raised under hot environmental conditions. Methods: A total of 480 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 31 wk of age were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 experimental diets. The control diet contained 2,800 kcal/kg nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy with no fat addition. Four additional diets were prepared by adding 2.0% or 4.0% of animal fat (AF) or soybean oil (SO). Energy and nutrient concentrations were consistent among all diets. Diets were fed to hens for 4 weeks. Average daily room temperature and humidity were $26.7^{\circ}C{\pm}1.52^{\circ}C$ and $77.4%{\pm}4.50%$. The heat stress index was approximately 76, indicating that hens were raised under heat stress conditions. Results: Final body weight (BW) was greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% AF than for those fed the control diet or diets containing 2.0% or 4.0% SO. The BW gain and feed intake were greater (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing additional AF or SO than those fed the control diet. Eggshell thickness was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Egg yolk color was the greatest (p<0.05) for hens fed the control diet, but the least (p<0.05) for hens fed diets containing 4.0% SO. Conclusion: Inclusion of supplemental fat (AF and SO) in diets exhibits preventative effects on BW loss for hens raised under hot environmental conditions when energy and nutrient concentrations in diets were maintained. The effects were greater for AF than for SO. However, inclusion of supplemental fat in diets decreases eggshell thickness and egg yolk yellowness, possibly due to a reduction in Ca absorption and intake of egg yolk colorants.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 산란계의 생산성과 계란의 품질에 미치는 지렁이 분말(EWM)의 첨가 효과를 구명하기 위해서 실시되었다. 총 360수의 55주령의 산란계를 공시하여서 EWM 0(대조구), 0.3, 0.6%를 첨가한 사료로 5주 동안의 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 계란은 매일 수집하여 난중을 측정하였고 산란율 및 사료 요구율은 시험기간 동안 매주 단위로 조사하였다. 뿐만 아니라 시험 마지막 주에는 계란의 품질도 측정하였다. 산란율과 일일 평균 산란량은 EWM 0.3 및 0.6% 급여 모두 대조구에 비해서 증가하는 경향이 인정되었지만, 0.3 % 와 0.6%처리구간에는 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 한편 사료 섭취량과 사료 요구율은 처리구간에 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 난각 두께, 강도, 색 및 난황색은 EWM 0.3 및 0.6% 처리구 모두 대조구와 비교해서 개선되는 경향이 인정되었다. 산란 1일째, haugh unit는 처리구간에 차이는 인정되지 않았지만, 보관기간에 따른 haugh unit의 변화는 EWM 급여구에서 커졌다. 지렁이분말(EWM)중의 As, Cd, Cr, Hg 및 Pb는 각각 4.41, 1.23, 1.18, 0.00 및 3.39ppm검출되었지만, 계란중에는 검출되지 않았다. 결론적으로 55주령의 산란계에 0.3%지렁이 분말(EWM)의 첨가는 산란계의 생산성 및 계란의 품질을 개선시킬 가능성이 인정된다.