• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the relationships among serum ferritin, vitamin D, folate, iron, and vitamin B₁₂ as indicators of obesity. The results provide the basic data for the prevention and treatment of obese and severely obese people. Methods: This study selected 44 people from 18 years of age or older to 59 years. This study used the indicators of the body mass index (BMI) to analyze obesity as the obesity group (BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/㎡) and as the severe obesity group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/㎡). Of the 44 subjects, 23 and 21 subjects were in the obesity and severe obesity groups, respectively. Their height, weight, body fat, skeletal muscle mass measured using bioimpedance analysis, and measured serum nutrients and biochemical parameters. Results: The obesity group showed a significantly lower age, body weight, BMI and body composition, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, and the height was significantly lower in the severe obesity group. The results of the biochemical parameters of the subjects showed that the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were within the normal range, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. The levels of folate, vitamin B₁₂, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃, iron, and ferritin were almost normal, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: This study revealed an association with the serum nutrients and obesity, but there was no difference between the obesity group and severe obesity group. Observations of the nutrient levels in not only the blood in obesity and severe obesity but also in red blood cells and tissues will be necessary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.47-63
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• 1973

This study concerns the nutritional status of food in a lunch-box and the school lunch program provided for Dong Duck Elementary School Pupils in Daegu. Two hundred andsix pupils were randomly selected as a sample. The nutrients contained in a lunch-box and school lunch menu were analyzed according to the Food Composition Table. Nutrients and cost of the Dong Duck Elementary School Lunch were compared to the average nutrient contents of food in a lunch-box of o pupil. In addition, comparisons between the Recommended Daily Allowances of nutrients for Korean children aged from 9 to 11 (4th, 5th, and 6th grade) and that of the contained nutrients in the average lunch-box were conducted. The average nutrients contained in the lunch-box compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances are: Calorie 77.41% (542.60ca1), Protein 73.60% (16.93gr), Fat 33.95% (3.95gr), Calcium 27.85% (111.39mg), Ferret 80.30% (2.65mg), Vitamin A 10.09% (100.93 I.U.), Vitamin Bl 70.27% (0.27mg), Vitamin B2 88.37% (0.38mg), Vitamin C 15.40% (3.45mg). All of the nutrients in the lunch-box fall far below the Recommended Daily Allowances for the 9-11 age group. The average nutrients of staple food in the lunch-box compared with the side-dishes were found to contain Calorie 90.80%, Protein 50.32%, Fat 58.27%, Calcium 37.07 %, Ferret 53.96%, Vitamin A 0.0028%, Vitamin B1 78.11%, Vitamin B2 21.09%. The nutrients of food contained in the Dong Duck Elementary School Lunch Program compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances were: 1. The Protein, Fat, Ferret, Vitamin B1 and Vitamin B2 content was generally satisfactory. 2. Calcuim, Vitamin A and Vitamin C were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances. 3. The Calorie content was generally lower for the 9-11 age group. The per pupil cost of the lunch-box was 41.87 won which includes the cost of staple food 16.92 won and side-dishes 24.95 won, whereas the school lune Provided by Dong Duck Elementary School Costs 35 won per pupil. Questionnaires were sent to four hundred parents (through their children) to find out their attitude toward the school lunch program. 390(97.50%) of them were returned and 7 of them dia not answer at all. Therefore, these were eliminated from the samlpe. Among 185 parents whose children were eating the school lunch; 172 parents (92.97% ) would pay 40 won for the proposed new school lunch program whereas only 13 parents (7.03%) did not want it. Among 198 parents whose children were not having the school lunch, 58 parents (29.29%) would agree to have the lunch for their children at the cost of 35 won with the proposed new school lunch program equivalent to 40 won. 126 parents (63.63%) could not agree to have their children being the school lunch because of their financial difficulty (74 parents 58.72%). The rest of parents (52 parents 41.28%) raised other reasons which were minor problems. Among the tatal of 383 parents, 309 parents (80.68%) would agree to gave school lunch for their children if the cost of the proposed new school lunch program would be 35 won to 40 won and if minor problems concerning the school lunch program are solved. Sixty parents (15.66% ) raised questions about the school lunch program concerning sanitary problems, taste of bread, and the quantity of lunch. Among 383 parents, 358 parents answered and 25 parents did not. When school officer asked if the parents would help during the school lunch hour, 101 parents indicated they could not help at all, but 177 parents, replied they could help. Among 177 parents, 40 parents of them could share their time from one or two hours everyday except Saturday and 107 parents could serve 1 to 3 days per week. Through this study, it is evident that further investigation should be done of the school lunch program which can be provided 35 won with the proposed new school lunch program. The parents participation in the school lunch program would be improved the understanding between school and parents as well as insure better nutrition and sanitation for the children.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1992

The muscle extracts of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi cultured for two and three years old on the southern coast near Chungmu and the eastern coast near Pohang of Korea, were analyzed for extractive nitrogen (EN), free amino acids (FAA), combined amino acids (CAA), nucleotides and related compounds (NRC), quaternary ammonium bases and guanidino compounds using specimens collected in February 1989 and in April 1989, and compared for those contents with each other. As for the amount of EN, no remarkable difference was found between two- and three-year-old samples collected at St. 1 in the spring and winter seasons, while at St. 2 in the spring season the two-year-old sample was distinctly lower than the three-year-old one. Taurine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine were the major FAA in every sample. The amount of taurine, the most prominent FAA, was higher in three-year-old sample than in two-year-old one regardless of sampling station and season. Most of the other major FAA showed a similar tendency to EN at both sampling stations in both seasons. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (Ino) and hypoxanthine (Hyp) were detected in all the samples and ATP, ADP and AMP were the major ingredients. The amounts of total NRC were in parallel with those of EN and total FAA. As for the contents of betaines, two- and three-year-old samples collected in the winter season exhibited a great discrepancy each other, the former being clearly lower than the latter, but no remarkable difference was observed between two samples of two groups in the spring season. In proximate composition of the muscles, the two-year-old sample was considerably higher in moisture content and lower in protein and glycogen contents than the three-year-old one at St. 2 in the spring season. The large discrepancies observed between two- and three-year-old samples from St. 2 seems to be attributable to the difference in size of samples rather than to the difference in age.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.435-444
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• 1999

The antimony deposits of the Hyundong mine, located in the northeastern part of the Sobaegsan massif, occur as hydrothermal quartz+carbonate veins and stockworks which fill the fault fractures developed in Precambrian metamOlphic rocks (mainly, granitic gneiss). Hydrothermal alteration occurs commonly in the vicinity of mineralized veins and is characterized by sericitization and silicification. A K-Ar age of alteration sericite is 139.2$\pm$ 4.4 Ma, implying the early Cretaceous age of mineralization, possibly in association with intrusion of nearby acidic dikes (mainly, quartz porphyry). The hydrothermal mineralization occurred in five mineralization stages. These are: (I) stage I, characterized by deposition of chalcedonic quartz; (2) stage II, deposition of quartz with base-metal sulfides and stibnite; (3) stage III, deposition of quartz and carbonates (calcite, dolomite, ankerite, rhodochrosite) with various antimony-bearing minerals such as stibnite, polybasite, berthierite, native antimony, gudmundite and ullmannite; (4) stage IV, deposition of calcite with stibnite; and (5) stage V, deposition of barren calcite. Antimony occurs mostly as stibnite within stages II to IV veins, which has various habits including disseminated, veinlets and euhedral coarse crystals. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that hydrothermal mineralization at Hyundong occurred from the fluids with temperature and salinity of $330^{\circ}$C to 120 and 5.3 wI. % equiv. NaCI. The temperature and salinity of ore fluids systematically decreased with elapsed time in the course of mineralization, possibly due to the influx of larger amounts of meteoric groundwater. The deposition of antimony-bearing minerals occurred at low temperatures «$250^{\circ}$C), mainly due to the cooling and dilution of fluids. Based on the evidence of fluid boiling during the early stage II mineralization, the mineralization occurred under low pressure conditions (about 80 bars, corresponding to depths of about 350 m under hydrostatic pressure regime). Thermodynamic considerations of ore . mineral assemblages indicate that antimony deposition also occurred as the results of decreases in temperature and sulfur fugacity of hydrothermal fluids. Calculated sulfur isotope composition of ore fluids ($\delta^{34}S_{\Sigma s}$=5.4 to 7.8$\textperthousand$) indicates an igneous source of sulfur.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.451-459
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• 2011

We investigated melting points and sensory characteristics by adding rice bran and roasted soybean to the finishing diet of Hanwoo steers. Thirty-six Hanwoo steers (average age, 20.92 mon-old; average weight, 599.89 kg) were assigned to either Control, Treatment 1 (rice bran) or Treatment 2 (roasted soybean) groups (12 steers/group), considering body weight and age. Supplementation levels of rice bran and roasted soybean were determined to meet total 5% crude fat in the concentrates, and the experimental animals were fed for 314 d until they reached 31.2 mon old. No significant differences were found in the moisture and crude fat content among groups. Melting points of lipid extracted from M. longissimus dorsi, subcutaneous fat, and perirenal fats were 25.83-26.17, 17.26-18.53 and $32.40-33.15^{\circ}C$, respectively, resulting in remarkable differences depending on fat depots. Contents of free amino acids in M. longissimus dorsi related to sweet taste were 39.48 mg/100 g for Treatment 1, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those for Control (32.24 mg/100 g), whereas those related to bitter taste were 25.93 mg/100 g for Treatment 2, which was the lowest (p<0.05) among the groups. Fatty acid composition, such as $C_{14:0}$, $C_{16:0}$, $C_{16:1}$, $C_{18:0}$, and $C_{18:1}$, in M. longissimus dorsi was not different among the groups. Results of a panel test on M. longissimus dorsi showed that Treatment 1 scored the highest (p<0.05) in juiciness, and both Treatments 1 and 2 scored higher (p< 0.05) in overall palatability than the Control group. $C_{18:1}$ showed a positive (+) relationship with tenderness (r = 0.650; p<0.05), and $C_{18:0}$ with flavor (0.698; p<0.05). The results suggest that rice bran and roasted soybean are beneficial for improving M. longissimus dorsi sensory characteristics, whereas no significant differences were found in the physico-chemical characteristics among the groups.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2011

Purpose: The unique nutrient requirements of premature infants necessitate knowledge of the composition of human milk produced by mothers of such infants. We investigated longitudinal changes in iron concentration of preterm human milk and compared to those observed in human milk of mothers of 1-week old term infants to determine optimal iron supplementation guidelines when preterm infants are nourished exclusively by breast feeding. Methods: Human milk samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum from 103 mothers who delivered infants of gestational age <34 weeks or weighing <1,800 g. Term human milk samples were collected at 1 week postpartum from 24 mothers. Results: There were no significant differences in the iron concentrations of preterm human milk obtained at 2 to 8 weeks postpartum (36.3${\pm}$23.1 to 45.8${\pm}$26.0 $\mu$g/dL), but these concentrations were higher than those noted at 1 week in preterm (23.1${\pm}$14.6 $\mu$g/ dL) and term (25.2${\pm}$7.55 $\mu$g/dL) infants. The iron concentration in preterm human milk obtained at corrected term age (42.2${\pm}$19.4 $\mu$g/dL) was significantly higher than that of mature term human milk (25.2${\pm}$7.55 $\mu$g/dL). Conclusion: The concentration of iron in preterm human milk was consistently low during the first 3 months of lactation. Supplementation with iron of at least 2 mg/kg/day should be considered for preterm infants who are exclusively breastfed and who have low body iron stores, to meet the minimum enteral iron requirements recommended by AAP-CON (2004).

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-73
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• 1979

The zinc-lead deposits at the Yeonhwa I mine were investigated in terms of ore-forming geologic setting, structural style of ore control, geometry of individual orebodies, zoning, paragenesis and chemical composition of skarn minerals, as well as metal grades and ratios of selected orebodies. The Yeonhwa I mine is characterized by a large swarm of chimney type massive orebodies with thin skarn envelopes, boldly developed through a thick sequence of Pungchon Limestone, the overlying Hwajeol Formation, and the underlying Myobong Slate of Cambrian age. Nearly 20 orebodies of similar shape, but of varying size are arranged in a V-shaped pattern with northwest and northeast trends, clearly indicating an outstanding ore control by a conjugate system of fractures with these trends. Important orebodies are the Wolam 1, 2, 3, and 5 orebodies in the west, and the Namsan 1, 2, 3. and 5 orebodies in the east, among others. The Wolam 1 orebody, which was observed from the -360 level through the -240, -120, and 0 levels to the surface outcrops (totaling a vertical height of about 500m), shows a vertical variation in skarn mineralogy, ranging from pyroxene-garnet zone on the lower levels. through pyroxene (without garnet) zone on the intermediate levels, and finally to rhodochrosite vein on the upper levels and surface. Microprobe analyses of pyroxene and garnet on a total of 14 mineral grains revealed that pyroxenes are manganoan salitic in most samples, with downward increase of Fe and Mn, whereas garnets are highly andraditic, containing fractions of subordinate grossular with downward decrease of Fe. This indicates a reverse relationship of Fe-contents between pyroxene and garnet with depth. Ore minerals are major sphalerite, subordinate galena, and minor chalcopyrite. Sulfide gangue minerals include major pyrrhotite, and minor pyrite and marcasite of later age. Two types of variational trends in metal grades and ratios with depth are present on the plots of assay data from the Wolam orebodies: one is a steady upward increase in Pb, Zn, and Pb:Zn ratios, with a terminal decline at the top of orebody: the other is an irregular or sinusoidal change. The former is characteristic of chimney-type orebodies, whereas the latter is of vein· shaped orebodies. The Pb grades show large variations among orebodies and from level to level, whereas the Zn grades are relatively constand or less variable.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2000

The composition of leachates varies depending on the waste characteristics, landfill age and landfilling method. Generally, leachates contain high dissolved organic substance and ammonia nitrogen whereas phosphorus concentration was very low. Leachate A produced from young landfill is characterized by high BOD5/COD ratio (0.8) whereas leachate C produced from old landfill has lower BOD5/COD ratio (0.1). Maximum biochemical methane potential of leachate A, B (from medium landfill) and C were 271,106 and 4 ml CH4/g-COD, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum biodegradability of leachate A, B, and C were 75,30, and 1%, respectively. These results indicated that anaerobic treatment of leachate from young landfill was effective in removing organic pollutants. In case of leachate C, carbon might reside in the form of large molecular weight organic compounds such as lignins, humic acids and other polymerized compounds of soils, which are resistant to biodegradation. The lag-phase period increased with the increasing organic concentration in leachate. In case of leachate A of concentration greater than 25%, the lag-phase period increased sharply. This implied that the start-up period of anaerobic process using an unacclimated inoculum could be extended due to the higher concentration of leachate. This relatively long lag-phase is probably related to the fact that most of the inhibitory compounds have been diluted beyond their inhibitory concentrations of less than 50%. Furthermore, the ultimate methane yield and methane production rate decreased as leachate concentration increased. It was anticipated the potential inhibition was related with the steady-state inhibition as well as the initial shock load.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2022

The recommended meal composition allows the general people to organize meals using the number of intakes of foods from each of six food groups (grains, meat·fish·eggs·beans, vegetables, fruits, milk·dairy products and oils·sugars) to meet Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) without calculating complex nutritional values. Through an integrated analysis of data from the 6th to 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2013-2018), representative foods for each food group were selected, and the amounts of representative foods per person were derived based on energy. Based on the EER by age and gender from the KDRIs, a total of 12 kinds of diets were suggested by differentiating meal compositions by age (aged 1-2, 3-5, 6-11, 12-18, 19-64, 65-74 and ≥ 75 years) and gender. The 2020 Food Balance Wheel included the 6th food group of oils and sugars to raise public awareness and avoid confusion in the practical utilization of the model by industries or individuals in reducing the consistent increasing intakes of oils and sugars. To promote the everyday use of the Food Balance Wheel and recommended meal compositions among the general public, the poster of the Food Balance Wheel was created in five languages (Korean, English, Japanese, Vietnamese and Chinese) along with card news. A survey was conducted to provide a basis for categorizing nutritional problems by life cycles and developing customized web-based messages to the public. Based on survey results two types of card news were produced for the general public and youth. Additionally, the educational program was developed through a series of processes, such as prioritization of educational topics, setting educational goals for each stage, creation of a detailed educational system chart and teaching-learning plans for the development of educational materials and media.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.206-211
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• 1983

This study was carried out to compare the feed utilization between pelleted and all-mash diet of similar composition by growing chickens. Day-old broilers (Hubbard) and egg-type chickens(Hy-line) of commercial strain were employed in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The chickens fed pelleted diets were heavier than those of birds fed all-mash diets. The Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets weighed 2,702g and 812g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. In comparison, the Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed all-mash diets weighed 2,571g and 777g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. 2. The pellet-fed chickens consumed more feeds than birds fed all-mash diets in both types of strain. Feed efficiencies (gain/feed) of Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 0.38 and 0.26 in pellet feeding groups, and 0.36 and 0.25 in all-mash feeding groups, respectively. The Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets drank more water than birds fed all-mash diets. 3. Pellet feeding groups produced more dry matter excreta as compared with all-mash feeding groups, reflecting the pattern of feed consumption by these chickens. Nitrogen retention ratio of the Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 57-67% and 65-73%, respectively. Chickens fed pelleted diets showed 1-4% higher nitrogen retention than chickens fed all-mash diets. 4. The ME/GE ratio of the Hubbard and the Hy-line at 8 weeks of age were 73.4-74.3% and 82.8-83.8%, respectively. Pellet feeding groups showed 1% higher ME/GE ratio than all-mash feeding groups. 5. The dietary productive energy calculated from respiratory quotient was $94.1-102.6kca/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}$ BW/day in pellet feeding groups. The ratios of PE/GE were 41.3-48.9% in pellet feeding groups and 39.0-45.8% in all-mash feeding groups. 6. It appears that pelleting the all-mash diet increases feed consumption and body weight gain of growing chickens. Feed efficiency and energy utilization were also improved by pelleting process. More research work should be done to establish the relationship clearly between feed pelleting and heat increments.